disease + causes + MOA

Question 1

asthma

Answer 1

chronic airway inflammation
wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, cough
early response; bronchoconstriction
late response; inflammation, eosinophils

cause is mostly inflammation;
- cytokines
- lipid mediators
- granule content (histamine)

Question 2

rhinitis

Answer 2

inflammation of mucus membrane in the nose
- allergic; seasonal
- non-allergic; non-mechanical, vasodilation.
mechanical, obstruction of nasal cavity

caused by dust, irritants, temperature changes, infections and allergens

Question 3

cough

Answer 3

increased irritability of large airways due to;
- increased presence of irritants
- airway hyperresponsiveness

ACE inhibitors will increase the amount of bradykini, resulting in dry cough

TRPA1, once activated activated P2X3 leading to activation of sensory nerves and cough reflex

Question 4

COPD

Answer 4

chronic obstruction of lung airflow, that interferes with normal breathing

chronic bronchitis; inflammation, excess mucus, muscle constriction
emphysema; degradation of aveoli, problems with gass exhanges

causes; smoking, airway remodelling, polution

Question 5

cystic fibrosis

Answer 5

production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to blockage of pancreatic ducts, intestine, bronchi

cuased by mutation in the CFTR gene, resulting in a dysfunctioning CFTR channel

Question 6

pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 6

scarring of the lung tissue, loss of elasticity, leading to impaired gass exchange

Question 7

inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 7

crohn’s disease, in digestive tract
ulcerative colitis, in intestine
impaired epithelium, impaired nutrient uptake

Question 8

ulcus pepticum

Answer 8

erosion in a segment of gastrointestinal mucosa

caused by H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, stress, gastrinoma

Question 9

reflux-oesophagitis

Answer 9

stomach acid in oesophagus

caused by dysfunctional sphincter, insufficient alkaline saliva

promoted by obesity, pregnancy

Question 10

emesis

Answer 10

nausea
vomiting

Question 11

diarrhea

Answer 11

accelerated food passage, insufficient resorption of water, electrolytes and food, watery faeces

causes;
acute; infections/toxins, drug mediator induced, psychological factors
chronic; inflammatory bowel conditions, malabsorption, colon carcinoma, food allergy

Question 12

coeliac disease

Answer 12

inflammed gut, loss of villi structure in small intestine

Question 13

irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 13

dysconnection between brain and gut, spasms of intestine, constipation/diarrhea

increased risk by anxiety, stress, depression
due to exagerrated response to cholecystokinin, altered response to meal ingestion

Question 14

constipation

Answer 14

causes;
- functional
- mechanical
- metabolic and endocrine
- neuronal, cerebral, paralysis
- drug induced

Question 15

diabetes mellitus

Answer 15

type 1; absolute insulin deficiency, destroyed B cells
type 2; insulin resistance, tissue becomes insensitive to insulin. risk increases with obesity, chronic stress, smoking

Question 16

hypoglycaemias

Answer 16

too much insulin
increased risk with intensive treatment, exertion and alcohol

Question 17

excessive GH prodcution

Answer 17

deformation of the bones, skull, hands and feet
growth of soft tissue
hypophyseal diabetes

Question 18

dwarfism

Answer 18

GH deficiency

causes;
- abnormalities in hypothalamus or pituitary
- GH receptor defect
- abnormal IGF-1 receptor

Question 19

turner syndrome

Answer 19

insufficient growth
associated with X chromosome abnormalities in girls, deletion ro dysfunction

Question 20

hypothyroidism

Answer 20

enlarged pituitary, less feedback
low levels of T3 and T4

causes;
- autoimmunity; antibodies against thyroglobulin
- iodine deficiency
- iatrogenic
- constituents of food
- impairment of the hypothalamus/pituitary

Question 21

hyperthyroidism

Answer 21

same size pituitary,, more negative feedback

causes;
- autoimmunity; antibodies against TSH receptor
- toxic nodular goiter
- constitutively active TSH receptor
- medicinal drugs

Question 22

hypogonadism

Answer 22

leydig cell insufficiency, male infertility

Question 23

addison’s disease

Answer 23

low production of steroid hormones, cortisol and aldosterone
high levels of CRH and ATCH, less feedback

causes; autoimmunity, tuberculosis, AIDS

Question 24

cushing’s syndrome

Answer 24

high cortisol
because of;
- tmor on pituitary, more ACTH
- tumor on adrenal gland, less ACTH
- ACTH producing tumor
» more feedback

can be induced by exogenous gluco-corticosteroid treatment

Question 25

conn’s disease

Answer 25

tumor in the adrenal gland
increased extracellular fluid
hypokalaemia
alkalosis
decreased renin, used as diagnostic

Question 26

diabetes insipidus

Answer 26

abnormally large production of urine, inability to concentrate the urine

causes;
- insensitivity of kidney to ADH; due to V2 receptor dysfunction or medication induced
- inability to secrete ADH

Question 27

syndrome of inappropiate ADH secretion

Answer 27

increased ADH production despite hypo-osmolality of plasma
caused by; tumor, brain damage, pneumonia

Question 28

osteoporosis

Answer 28

reduced bone mass as a consequence of reduction in matrix proteins

causes;
- age
- cushing’s syndrome
- glucocorticoid therapy
- immobilty

Question 29

paget’s disease

Answer 29

local bone deformation as a consequence od increased bone turnover
due to increased osteoclast activity

Question 30

hyperparathyroidism

Answer 30

1. swelling of parathyroid gland
   causes;
2. renal insufficiency (reduced synthesis)
   causes; chronically low Ca2+, high phosphate and high PTH

Question 31

hypoparathyroidism

Answer 31

reduced PTH secretion

causes; autoimmunity, thyroid surgery