reproductive system Flashcards
what are the male sex hormone and how do they work (3)
GONDOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE which is produced in the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce FSH (stimulates sperm production) and LH (stimulates testosterone production)
what do the male reproduction structures do (2)
prostate gland - produces clotting agents and alkaline liquid so the sperm can survive.
seminal vesicles - produce a fructose-containing liquid that provides the sperm with energy and prostaglandins which stimulate contractions in the female reproductive tract.
what are the female sex hormones and how do they work (5)
GONDOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE stimulates LH and FSH production.
FSH - stimulates the maturation of the ovum.
LH - stimulates ovulation.
what are the 2 ovarian hormones and what do they do
oestrogen - stimulates the repair of the uterus after menstruation and triggers puberty.
progesterone - stimulates and maintains the uterus lining.
how do the female sex hormones regulate ovulation and menstruation (6)
FSH stimulates oestrogen production and matures the ovum.
Oestrogen stimulates LH production and the uterus is repaired.
Ovulation takes place hours after the peak of LH. The wall of the ovum bursts and the follicle is released.
The follicle degenerates into the corpus luteum. LH stimulates the corpus luteum to make progesterone.
Progesterone thickens the endometrium in case of implantation and as levels increase LH and FSH are inhibited.
By day 28 levels of ovarian hormones are so low that the endometrium cannot be maintained and is broken away in menstruation.
what happens after fertilisation occurs (4)
sperm fuses with the egg joining genetic material.
A zygote is formed.
Zygote releases HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
At 6 weeks the placenta is formed which produces progesterone for the rest of the pregnancy.
what happens with identical twins (2)
embryo splits into 2
share one placenta (monozygotic)
what happens with non identical twins (3)
more than 1 egg is released
two placentas (dizygotic)
what is the embryo map
Embryonic cells. The other layer forms the placenta and the fluid is the amniotic fluid.
what is differentiation
when cells become specialised to perform different tasks
what kind of cells can arise from differentiation (4)
nerve
epithelial
connective tissue
muscle
what happens at 4 week development (3)
no placenta but nutrients from the yolk sack
limb buds form
heart starts to beak
what are the pregnancy terms (4)
early - 37-38 weeks + 6 days
full - 39-40 weeks + 6 days
late - 41-41 weeks + 6 days
post - 42 weeks + after
what happens at birth (4)
oxytocin stimulates contractions to widen the cervix.
when the cervix widens contractions intensify and sack bursts.
baby moves down the birth canal. Baby adrenaline levels are high.
baby is born and the placenta is expelled intact.
how is milk produced and expressed
produced - prolactin
expressed - oxytocin
