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HBIHAI - semester 2 > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the continuous circuit consist of (4)

A
  1. heart
  2. arteries
  3. capillaries
  4. veins

The arteries and capillaries provide oxygen and nutrients to the rest of the body for energy.

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2
Q

how does oxygenated and deoxygenated blood travel

A
  1. deoxygenated blood travels from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated.
  2. Oxygenated blood then travels from the lungs throughout the body, supplying the tissues.
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3
Q

what is the purpose of circulation (2)

A
  1. move oxygen from the lungs to the blood.
  2. move carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs
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4
Q

what are arteries and what do they do

A

The arteries are made up of thick strong muscular walls.
Smaller arteries are known as arterioles.

The function of arteries is to carry blood away from the heart. Arteries carry OXYGENATED blood, except for the pulmonary artery.

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5
Q

what are veins and what do they do

A

Veins carry blood TO the heart. Veins carry DEOXYGENATED blood, except for the Pulmonary Vein.

Smaller Veins are known as Venules.

Features include:

  1. Wide diameter but thin walls
  2. valves to prevent the back-flow of blood.
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6
Q

what are capillaries and what do they do

A

Capillaries are the smallest of vessels. They have very thin walls.

Capillaries are the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange deep in the tissues.

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7
Q

what are the types of circulation (2)

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation is when blood travels to the lungs to pick up oxygen.
  2. Systemic circulation is when oxygen has been picked up by the blood and then delivered to the body.
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8
Q

what happens at the right side of the heart (2)

A

The right atrium collects deoxygenated blood from the vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle.

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.

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9
Q

what happens at the left side of the heart (2)

A

The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

The left atrium pumps oxygenated blood to the left ventricle.

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the septum

A

The septum separates the left and right sides of the heart by the ventricles. This prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the atrioventricular valves (1) and what occurs if there is a problem that is left untreated with them (3)

A

The atrioventricular valves prevent the back-flow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract.

If there is a problem and left untreated this can cause:

  1. atrial fibrillation - irregular and fast heartbeat.
  2. pulmonary hypertension - high blood pressure in the vessels supplying the lungs.
  3. Heart failure - the heart cannot pump enough blood around the body.
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12
Q

what is the purpose of semilunar valves

A

The semilunar valves prevent the back-flow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles.

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13
Q

what are the 3 phases to every heartbeat

A
  1. Atrial systole - contraction of artia pushing blood into the ventricles.
  2. Atrial diastole - ventricles contract pushing blood out of the heart into the arteries - ventricular systole
  3. Ventricular diastole - ventricles relax.

NOTE - Valves of the heart open during a contraction phase and close when the heart relaxes.

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14
Q

what systems controls heartbeat (3)

A

The heartbeat is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

The parasympathetic nerves decrease the heart rate.

The sympathetic nerves increase the heart rate.

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15
Q

how are electrical pulses in the heart controlled (6)

A
  1. heartbeat originates from the SA (sinoatrial) node
  2. Muscle contracts - a wave of contraction.
  3. The signal reaches the AV (atrioventricular) node where the signal is delayed by 120ms.
  4. This signal continues to bundle of His
  5. Splits in two & spreads to the bottom of the heart
  6. Reaches to Purkinje fibres - ventricle contracts.
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16
Q

what is blood pressure and how is it calculated

A

blood pressure is defined as the force or pressure which the blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessel (usually measured in the large arteries.

Systolic BP divided by Diastolic BP times millimetres of mercury

17
Q

what plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure

A

The elasticity of the arteries plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure, as during systole the artery wall stretches. And during diastole, the artery wall recoils back to the original shape.

18
Q

what is the blood pressure determined by (2)

A
  1. cardiac output
  2. peripheral resistance
19
Q

what does too much salt do to blood pressure (3)

A

our body holds onto water.
increasing the fluid surrounding our cells and the volume of blood in our bloodstream.

As blood volume increases, the pressure in blood vessels begins to increase meaning the heart has to work harder to move blood around the body.

Over time this strain can lead to stiffening of the blood vessels leading to hypertension, heart disease and stroke.

20
Q

what happens when an atheroma forms (3)

A

An atheroma is a fatty deposit which forms in the walls of arteries damaging the endothelium.

The endothelium becomes scarred and rough which will impede blood flow as the vessel becomes narrower.

Atheroma builds up overtime and if it ruptures it causes the blood to clot. This blocks the vessel, depriving the tissue of oxygen.

21
Q

what are the 4 types of CVD

A

PVD - peripheral vascular disease
CHD - coronary heart disease
Stroke
DVT - deep vein thrombosis

22
Q

what happens in PVD (2)

A

the narrowing of the arteries due to atherosclerosis of arteries other than those of the heart or brain (most commonly affects the legs due to limited supply of oxygen to the leg muscles).

if blood flow is limited it cannot reach every cell therefore it will die from lack of oxygen.

23
Q

what happens during CHD (3)

A
  1. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): occurs when an atheroma forms in the coronary artery and causes a blockage. If blood is cut off to the tissues they begin to die causing the heart contractions to falter.
    - heart attack - caused by a blockage to the coronary artery (aka myocardial infarction)
    - angina - chest pain associated with poor blood flow through the coronal artery of the heart.
24
Q

what is a stroke

A

blood clot in the brain.

25
Q

what is DVT

A

a blood clot in the deep veins of the leg, blocking circulation and restricting oxygen delivery causing pain and swelling.

26
Q

what happens during clotting (5)

A
  1. the wound occurs and the endothelium of the blood vessel becomes inflamed or an atheroma forms.
  2. vasoconstriction occurs to limit blood loss (short-term)
  3. platelet plug forms and collections of platelets aggregate at the site.
  4. chemicals are released that trigger more platelets and coagulation
  5. complex series of reactions trigger the formation of the protein FIBRIN.
27
Q

what happens during coagulation (3)

A
  1. clotting factors (vitamin K & calcium proteins) released by the platelets trigger the conversion of inactive PROTHROMBIN to active THROMBIN.
  2. thrombin triggers the conversion of inactive soluble FIBRINOGEN to active insoluble FIBRIN.
  3. fibrin forms a mesh that traps the platelet plug and red blood cells in a solid stable clot or thrombus.
28
Q

how do anti-coagulants work

A

Anti-coagulants prevent the formation of fibrin.

29
Q

describe the electrical signals causing the contraction of the heart

A

electrical signal is generated at the SA node.
The wave of contraction travels from the SA to the AV node where the signal is delayed by 120ms.
The signal travels to the bundle of His.
signal then splits in half then travels through the Purkinje fibres.

HBIHAI - semester 2 (9 decks)

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