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HBIHAI - semester 2 > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 major macronutrients

A

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids

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2
Q

What are carbohydrates used for and what are their two forms (4)

A

Cellular respiration and healthy metabolism

complex (e.g glucose) and simple (e.g. starch)

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3
Q

what are proteins used for (6)

A
  1. Growth
  2. muscle and skeleton
  3. Skin
  4. Repair of damaged tissues
  5. (Some) hormones
  6. Enzymes and antibodies.
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4
Q

what are fats used for (6)

A
  1. Insulation
  2. cell membranes
  3. myelin sheath
  4. hormones
  5. joint lubrication
  6. energy source
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5
Q

what is a normal, underweight and overweight BMI value

A

Normal BMI - between 17.5 and 24.9

Underweight - under 17.5

Overweight - between 25 and 29.9

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6
Q

what are the causes of anorexia (4)

A
  1. poor body image
  2. self-esteem
  3. depression
  4. trauma
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7
Q

what is the BMI for someone who is dangerously overweight and someone who is morbidly obese

A

dangerously overweight = BMI over 30

Morbidly obese = BMI over 35

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8
Q

what are some medical complications of obesity

A
  1. sleep apnea
  2. stroke
  3. lung disease (asthma & pulmonary blood clots)
  4. Liver disease
  5. gall stones
  6. cancer
  7. heart disease
  8. diabetes
  9. pancreatitis
  10. abnormal periods and infertility
  11. arthritis
  12. inflamed veins often with blood clots
  13. gout.
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9
Q

how is starch broken down (2)

A

Starch is broken down by amylase into maltose (in the mouth and intestine)

Maltose is broken down into glucose by maltase.

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10
Q

how are proteins broken down (2)

A

Proteins are broken down by pepsin into polypeptides.

Trypsin breaks down the polypeptides into amino acids.

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11
Q

how are lipids broken down

A

Lipids are broken down by lipases into fatty acids and glycerol. This requires bile which emulsifies fat.

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12
Q

what are the organs of the digestive system (8)

A
  1. mouth
  2. oesophagus
  3. stomach
  4. small intestine (duodenum, ileum)
  5. large intestine
  6. liver
  7. pancreas
  8. gall bladder
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13
Q

how does digestion occur in the mouth (2)

A
  1. teeth - chew food into smaller manageable pieces
  2. saliva - lubricates food into a soft mass or BOLUS which is easy to swallow and contains amylase which breaks down starch into maltose.
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14
Q

how does digestion occur in the stomach (3)

A

gastric glands produce gastric juice which is made up of the:

  1. hydrochloric acid to break down food
  2. mucous to protect the stomach lining from acid
  3. pepsin which breaks down proteins into polypeptides.
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15
Q

how does digestion occur in the duodenum (3)

A
  • food enters via the pyloric sphincter
  • pancreatic juice containing bicarbonate and bile from the gall bladder is added to neutralise the acid
  • digestive enzymes produced in the pancreas are released into the duodenum to complete the breakdown of food.
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16
Q

what are the 6 pancreatic enzymes

A
  1. lipase - breaks down fat into fatty acids and glycerol with the help of bile.
  2. proteases - breakdown polypeptides into amino acids
  3. trypsin
  4. carbohydrase - break down carbohydrates into sugars and glucose
  5. pancreatic amylase
  6. maltase and sucrase
17
Q

how does digestion occur in the ileum

A

Contains villi to increase the surface area available for absorption. The nutrients diffuse across the membrane into the bloodstream.

18
Q

how is digestion maximised in the ileum (4)

A
  1. large surface area
  2. good blood supply
  3. moisture
  4. thin walls
19
Q

how does digestion occur in the large intestine (2)

A

At this point, all the nutrients should have been absorbed. What is left is undigested food, bacteria, fibre and water.

water is absorbed from the large intestine leaving behind solid waste or faeces.

Fibre in the diet regulates water absorption and helps bulk out the intestine. Lack of fibre means food can get stuck in the bowel for days.

20
Q

how are stomach and peptic ulcers formed

A

Stomach ulcers form when acid penetrates through the mucous and burns the stomach lining.

Peptic ulcers are thought to be caused by bacterial infections in the stomach.

21
Q

what are gallstones and what is it affected by

A

These are cholesterol-type stones from in the gall bladder which cause the bile duct to block.

It is affected by fat intake, normally caused by excess fat consumption where the liver makes more bile and the stones form.

22
Q

what is pancreatitis

A

This is when the pancreas becomes inflamed and swollen. The digestive enzymes start to digest the tissue (cannibalism).

It causes severe pain, nausea, and vomiting and can become necrotic over time.

It is associated with heavy alcohol consumption.

23
Q

what is appendicitis

A

This is inflammation of the appendix.

24
Q

what is diverticulitis

A

Diverticulitis is when pockets of faeces cause inflammation and pain.

25
Q

where is bile made and what is its function

A

made in the liver
breaks down fat into fatty acids

HBIHAI - semester 2 (9 decks)

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