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AnaPhy > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Reproductive System

A

Production of gametes.
Fertilization.
Development and nourishment of a new individual.
Production of reproductive hormones.

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2
Q

Male gametes

A

Sperm cells in testes

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3
Q

Female gametes

A

Oocytes (eggs) in ovaries

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4
Q

Formation of gametes

A

By meiosis

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5
Q

Meiosis process

A

Two consecutive cell divisions halve the chromosome number from 46 total chromosomes to 23 total chromosomes

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6
Q

male reproductive parts

A

testes
a series of ducts
accessory glands
supporting structures.

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7
Q

parts of ducts

A

epididymides
the ducta deferentia
the urethra

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8
Q

a saclike structure containing the testes.

A

scrotum

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9
Q

layer of loose connective tissue and a layer of smooth muscle beneath the skin of scrotum

A

dartos muscle

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10
Q

male gonads, are oval organs, each about 4–5 cm long, within the scrotum

A

testes

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11
Q

lobules contain _____, in which sperm cells develop

A

seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

delicate connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules contains clusters of endocrine cells called _______, which secrete testosterone

A

interstitial cells or Leydig cells

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13
Q

seminiferous tubules contain ____

A

germ cells and sustentacular cells, or Sertoli cells

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14
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the process of forming sperm cells

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15
Q

efferent ductules carry sperm cells from the testis to a tightly coiled series of threadlike tubules that form a comma-shaped structure on the posterior side of the testis called ______

A

epididymis

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16
Q

where sperm cells continue to mature, develop the capacity to swim and the ability to bind to the oocyte

A

epididymis

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17
Q

final changes in sperm cells; occur after ejaculation of semen into the vagina and prior to fertilization

A

capacitation

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18
Q

emerges from the epididymis, ascends along the posterior side of the testis, and forms the spermatic cord

A

ductus deferens

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19
Q

contains ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and is surrounded by the cremaster muscle and connective tissue sheaths

A

spermatic cord

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20
Q

near the ampulla of each ductus deferens is a sac-shaped gland

A

seminal vesicle

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21
Q

extends into the prostate gland and ends by joining the urethra within the prostate gland

A

ejaculatory duct

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22
Q

extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis

A

urethra

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23
Q

three parts of urethra

A

prostatic, membranous, and spongy parts

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24
Q

passageway for both urine and male reproductive fluids

A

urethra

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25
Q

male organ of copulation and functions in the transfer of sperm cells from the male to the female

A

penis

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26
Q

two columns forming the dorsal and lateral parts of the penis

A

corpora cavernosa

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27
Q

smaller column occupying the ventral portion, including the glans penis

A

corpus spongiosum

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28
Q

process of engorgement of erectile tissue with blood that causes the penis to enlarge and become firm

A

erection

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29
Q

loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis

A

prepuce

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30
Q

glands consisting of many saclike structures located next to the ampulla of the ductus deferens

A

seminal vesicles

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31
Q

consists of both glandular and muscular tissue and is about the size and shape of a walnut.

A

prostate gland

32
Q

Cowper glands, are a pair of small, mucus-secreting glands located near the base of the penis; size of a pea

A

bulbourethral glands

33
Q

mixture of sperm cells and secretions from the male reproductive glands

A

semen

34
Q

produce a mucous secretion, which lubricates the urethra

A

bulbourethral glands and the mucous glands

35
Q

include sperm cells and a small amount of fluid

A

testicular secretions

36
Q

contain proteolytic enzymes that break down the coagulated proteins of the seminal vesicles and make the semen more liquid

A

prostatic secretions

37
Q

the release of sperm-containing semen

A

ejaculation

38
Q

major male hormone secreted by the testes

A

testosterone

39
Q

causes the enlargement and differentiation of the male genitals and the reproductive duct system

A

testosterone

40
Q

structural and behavioral changes, other than in the reproductive organs, that develop at puberty and distinguish males from females

A

secondary sexual characteristics

41
Q

male sexual response cycle

A

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

42
Q

most common cause of infertility in males;

A

low sperm cell count; if the sperm cell count drops to below 20 million sperm cells per milliliter

43
Q

collecting several ejaculations, concentrating the sperm cells, and inserting them into the female’s reproductive tract

A

artificial insemination

44
Q

female reproductive organs

A

ovaries, the uterine tubes (or fallopian tubes), the uterus, the vagina, the external genitalia, and the mammary glands

45
Q

a reproductive organ in females that produces eggs (ova) and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone

A

ovary

46
Q

small organs suspended in the pelvic cavity by ligaments

A

two ovaries

47
Q

extends from each ovary to the lateral body wall

A

suspensory ligament

48
Q

attaches the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus

A

ovarian ligament

49
Q

the process of the formation and development of female gametes

A

oogenesis

50
Q

immature egg cells

A

oogonia

51
Q

key event in the menstrual cycle of females, marking the release of a mature egg (ova or ovum) from one of the ovaries

A

ovulation

52
Q

process by which a sperm cell (male gamete) fuses with an egg cell (female gamete) to form a zygote

A

fertilization

53
Q

also called a fallopian tube or oviduct, is associated with each ovary

A

uterine tube

54
Q

fertilization usually occurs in the part of the uterine tube near the ovary

A

ampulla

55
Q

fertilized oocyte then travels to the uterus, where it embeds in the uterine wall in a process

A

implantation

56
Q

big as a medium-sized pear; it is oriented in the pelvic cavity with the larger, rounded part directed superiorly

A

uterus

57
Q

three layers of uterine wall

A

an outer protective serous layer, a middle muscular layer (myometrium) responsible for contractions, and an inner layer of endometrium

58
Q

female organ of copulation; it receives the penis during intercourse; also allows menstrual flow and childbirth

A

vagina

59
Q

walls of vagina

A

outer muscular layer and an inner mucous membrane

60
Q

vaginal opening is covered by a thin mucous membrane called _______

A

hymen

61
Q

aka the external genital organs or external reproductive organs, are the visible parts of the reproductive system that are located outside the body

A

external genitalia

62
Q

the external genital area in females

A

vulva

63
Q

a small, erectile structure

A

clitoris

64
Q

area between the genitals and the anus in both males and females

A

clinical perineum

65
Q

organs of milk production and are located in the breasts

A

mammary glands

66
Q

the breasts of a male can become permanently enlarged

A

gynecomastia

67
Q

ends of small ducts that expand to form secretory sacs is called ____

A

alveoli

68
Q

the first episode of menstrual
bleeding

A

menarche

69
Q

series of changes that occur in sexually mature, nonpregnant females and that culminate in menses

A

menstrual cycle

70
Q

cessation of menstrual cycles

A

menopause

71
Q

whole time period from the onset of irregular cycles to their complete cessation

A

climacteric

72
Q

sexual response cycle of females

A

desire, arousal, plateau, orgasm, resolution

73
Q

effects of aging in male reproductive system

A

benign prostatic enlargement; prostate cancer

74
Q

effects of aging in female reproductive system

A

menopause; breast cancer

75
Q
A

AnaPhy (6 decks)

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