Reproductive System Flashcards
male sex hormones
testosterone
Produces and stores the male reproductive cells
spermatozoa
External Organs/Parts
Scrotum, Penis, Prepuce
Internal Organs/Parts
Testes, Ducts, Accessory glands
Pouch or diverticulum of the abdomen, Containing the Testes and serving as a thermoregulator.
Scrotum
Double Muscular System
External cremaster and Tunica dartos
loop system of veins and arteries that allows heat exchange.
Pampiniform plexus
Organ of copulation in males.
Penis
free extremity; soft terminal portion of the penis.
Glans Penis
main portion; formed by the urethra and the erectile tissue
Body
roots/ pizzle eye, attached to the ischial arch of the pelvis; beginning portion is the bulbourethral muscle
Crura
curving of the penis, which reduces the length of the non-erect penis to 1/3
Sigmoid flexure
spongy areas near the glans; engorges with blood to cause erection and extension during the copulation
Corpora cavernosa
spongy tissue surrounding the urethra Male Reproductive System
Corpus spongiosum
ruminants and swine
Fibroelastic penis
horse
Musculocavernous penis
Enlarged blunt concave body
equine
Tapering with a twist clockwise
bovine
Corkscrew shaped
porcine
Very long, extending to the length of os penis
canine
Irregular shaped with filiform urethral process
Ovine/Caprine
Cornified spine
Feline
Invagination of the skin enclosing the free extremity of the retracted penis and its opening is covered by coarse hairs
Prepuce
a sac dorsal to the prepuce.
Preputial diverticulum – a sac dorsal to the prepuce.
mixture of fatty secretion, cast of epithelial cells and bacteria.
Smegma
male gonads; primary sex organs, suspended by the spermatic cord, produce male hormones or androgens in the microscopic interstitial cells located between the seminiferous tubules.
Testes
basement membrane
Seminiferous tubules
network of tubules connected to the
seminiferous tubules.
Rete testis
connected the rete testis and epididymis;
collectively forms the epididymal duct.
Efferent ductules
Within the Seminiferous:
Sertoli cells, Spermatogonia, Spermatocytes, Spermatozoon
sustentacular cells, “nurse
cells”, provide nourishment and support to
developing sperm cells.
Sertoli cells
undifferentiated male
germ cells
Spermatogonia
1° and 2 ° § Spermatids
Spermatocytes
fully differentiated, motile
sperm cell
Spermatozoon
Between tubules:
Leydig cells
produce and secrete
testosterone and other androgens important
for sexual development and puberty,
secondary sexual characteristics.
Leydig cells
composed of the long, convoluted
epididymal duct that connects the efferent
ductules of the testis with ducts deferens.
Houses the spermatozoa as they mature
before they are expelled by ejaculation
Epididymis
Epididymis, divided into:
head, body, tail
connected to the efferent
ductules
head
lying on the long axis of the
testis
body
lying lowest to the scrotum
tail
Also known as vas deferens
- undergoes peristaltic contractions during
ejaculation, propelling the spermatozoa from
the epididymis to the urethra
Ductus Deferens
a tube passing thru the penis to the outside
of the body
serves both reproductive and urinary
systems
Urethra
Accessory Glands
Ampullae, Vesicular Glands, Prostate Gland, Bulbourethral Gland
glandular enlargements
associated with the terminal parts of
the ductus deferential; contribute
volume to the semen
Ampullae
seminal vesicles;
paired glands associated with the
genital fold; located on the floor of the
pelvis cranial and lateral to ampulla
and neck of the bladder; source of
fructose, ascorbic acid, citric acid
Vesicular Glands
located caudal or
around the bladder or cranial portion of
the pelvic urethra; secretes alkaline
solution; clean and lubricate the
urethra during pre-coital
Prostate Gland
Cowper’s
glands; located in the bulbourethral
muscle
Bulbourethral Gland
removal of the testes of
the male animal
Castration
absence of one or
both testes from the scrotum
Cryptorchidism
transection (ligation
and/or removal of a section) of the
ductus deferens.
Vasectomy
Female RS, External Genitalia
Vestibule, Vulva
Female RS, Internal Organs
Vagina, Uterus, Uterine tubes, Ovaries
portion of the reproductive tract between the
vagina and the external genitalia
Vestibule
external genitalia of the female; comprises
right and left labia
Vulva
a structure of erectile tissue that
has the same embryonic origin as the penis
in the male.
Clitoris
lies within the pelvis between the uterus
cranially and the vulva caudally site of semen
deposition during copulation passageway for
fetal and placental delivery
Vagina
opening into the bladder
on the floor of the vagina; located posterior to
the site of the hymen
Urethral orifice
transverse fold that separates the
anterior from the posterior vagina; expanded
at the time of first copulation
hymen
Uterus consists of?
body, cervix (neck), 2 horns
– incubator of zygote
fetal development
in the pig (sow), dog (bitch),
and cat (queen)
- well developed uterine horn
Bicornuate
in the ox (cow), sheep (ewe),
and horse (mare)
- well developed uterine body
Bipartite
in the primate
- a uterus consisting of a single cavity
Simplex
in the rabbit (doe) and rodent
- uterine horns are completely separated and
have separate cervices opening into the
vagina
Duplex
- wide fold of peritoneum that connects the
sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of
the pelvis
Uterus – Broad Ligament
the mesentery of the
uterus; the largest portion of the broad
ligament
Mesometrium
the mesentery of the
Fallopian tube
Mesosalpinx
the mesentery of the ovaries
Mesovarium
- neck of the uterus
- sphincter like structure, serves as a
muscular “valve” that keeps the uterus sealed
off from the vagina most of the time - during estrus the cervix relaxes slightly,
- permitting spermatozoa to enter the uterus
Cervix
series of circular ridges
rings on the inner surface of the cervix; in
ruminants and sow
annular folds
archlike structure formed by
the projecting cervix, in mares
Vaginal fornix
tunica muscularis; the
muscular portion of the uterine wall;
increases in size during pregnancy
Myometrium
– innermost lining layer of
the uterus, to prevent adhesions between the
opposed walls of the myometrium; highly
glandular tissue that varies in thickness and
vascularity with hormonal changes in the
ovary and with pregnancy
Endometrium
mushroom like nonglandular projections found at the inner
surfaces of the uterine horn and body;
provide a site of attachment for the fetal
membranes
Caruncles
circular structures
distributed in ruminant placenta
Cotyledon
- sperm capacitation
- fertilization
- embryo cleavage
Fallopian tube/ Oviducts
funnel like structure that
pick up the ovulated egg
Infundibulum
fringe-like margin of the
infundibulum
Fimbria
site of fertilization
Ampulla
constricted portion of the
oviduct after the ampulla
Isthmus
modified skin gland
Mammary Gland
collective term applied to all the
mammary glands in ruminants and horse.
Udder
secretory unit
Alveolus
narrow passage from the lactiferous
sinus to the exterior
Papillary duct or teat canal
building-up phase; ovarian
follicle (under the influence of FSH and LH)
enlarges and begins to secrete estrogens
Proestrus
period of sexual receptivity, is
primarily initiated by the elevation in
estrogens from mature follicles just prior to
ovulation; standing heat
Estrus
end of sexual receptivity,
postovulatory phase dominated by corpus
luteum function; serum estrogens decrease
and progesterone increases
Metestrus
short period of sexual inactivity
between recurrent periods of estrus
Diestrus
long periods between cycles of
polyestrous animals that stop cycling (e.g.,
due to change in season) enter a long period
of inactivity
Anestrus
preovulatory increase in estrogens
from developing follicles is the
primary event that brings about
ovulation, e.g., rabbit, ferret, mink,
camel, llama, and alpaca
Spontaneous ovulators
the final preovulatory surge of GnRH, and
subsequent LH surge, is apparently
dependent on a neural reflex
elicited by vaginal stimulation, e.g.,
rodents, koala, cats
Induced ovulators
condition of a female animal while young are developing
within her uterus
Pregnancy
the stage of pregnancy at which the embryo
adheres to the wall of the uterus
Implantation
the development of
fetal membranes
Placentation
only the left side develops;
mature ovum = egg yolk
Ovary
site of fertilization in avian
Infundibulum
ampulla, secretes majority
of albumen
Magnum
secretes some albumen and the shell membranes
Isthmus
shell gland
Uterus
shell gland
Uterus
secretes the egg’s outer
cuticle and possibly the shell pigment
Vagina
