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zoot > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Feeding

A

prehension

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2
Q

GIT

A

Gastrointestinal Tract

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3
Q

physical and chemical breakdown of feeds as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract.

A

Digestion

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4
Q

physical reduction of particle size.

A

Mastication (chewing)

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5
Q

act of swallowing

A

Deglutition (swallowing)

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6
Q

bringing of swallowed food up again to the mouth.

A

Regurgitation (especially in ruminant
animals)

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7
Q

animal products o Dogs, cats

A

Carnivore

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8
Q

plant products o cattle, sheep, goat, horses

A

Herbivore

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9
Q

combination of plant and animal products o Humans, pigs

A

Omnivore

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10
Q

chickens, pigs, turkeys, dogs, cats, Type of DS

A

Monogastric (simple stomach)

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11
Q

compound stomach, are cranial fermenters.
cattle, goats, sheep

A

Ruminants (multi-compartmented
stomach)

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12
Q

animals with simple stomach but with very large and
complex large intestine.
horses, rabbits, ostrich

A

Hind gut (caudal) fermenters

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13
Q

Major Structures

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines

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14
Q

Accessory organs

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands

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15
Q

entrance of the DS. Used primarily for grinding food and mixing it with saliva but may also serve as a prehensile organ (grasping mechanism and as a defensive and offensive weapon).

A

Oral Cavity (mouth)

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16
Q

Oral Cavity is divided by the teeth into: outer part, between the teeth and the lips (labia) and cheeks.

A

oral vestibule

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17
Q

Oral Cavity is divided by the teeth into: enclosed by the teeth and the dental pad.

A

oral cavity proper

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18
Q

Teeth 3 major parts

A

crown, neck, root

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19
Q

protrudes the gum line

A

crown

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20
Q

part found at the gum line

A

neck

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21
Q

embedded in the tooth socket

A

root

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22
Q

tooth present at birth.

A

Temporary Teeth (milk tooth)

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23
Q

persist throughout the life of the animals.

A

Adult Teeth

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24
Q

Types of Teeth: cutting teeth (nippers)

A

Incisors

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25
Q

Types of Teeth: tearing or seizing (holding teeth)

A

Canines

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26
Q

Types of Teeth: grinding and shearing.

A

Premolars and Molars

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27
Q

visible outer layer, which is considered as the hardest substance in the body. Made of calcium phosphate minerals and considered irreplaceable as the cells that generate it (ameloblasts) are lost following the formation of the teeth, except for continuously growing teeth.

A

Enamel

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28
Q

middle layer, is the layer directly beneath the surface enamel. This layer is yellowish in color and with a dental cavity at the center.

A

Dentin

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29
Q

center layer, is the softest layer containing vital tissues composed of blood vessels and nerves.

A

Pulp

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30
Q

carnivores, omnivores, and incisors of ruminants possess crown, neck, and root.
Grows to adult size; wear away without further growth, and no eruption to compensate for the wear.

A

True Teeth

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31
Q

tushes of pig and incisor teeth of rodents.
Do not possess a definite neck or root;
grow from persistent active pulp.

A

Constantly Growing Teeth

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32
Q

entire dentition of equine and cheek teeth of
ruminants; possesses extremely long root and no definite neck; filling in of bone pushes the teeth out of the socket to compensate for the wear.

A

Constantly Erupting Teeth

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33
Q

all teeth are similar

A

Homodont definition

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34
Q

all teeth have gone differentiation. incisors, canine, molars, premolars.

A

Heterodont definition

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35
Q

when several primitive cones come together to form
one tooth,
- cheek teeth of the pig.

A

Bunodont dentition

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36
Q

when the cones become ridges.
- cheek teeth of the horse

A

Lophodont dentition

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37
Q

when the ridges become sharp.
- cheek teeth of ox

A

Selenodont dentition

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38
Q

when the enamel of the tooth is restricted to the
crown.
- teeth of dog (short crowned teeth)

A

Brachydont dentition

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39
Q

when much of the crown is embedded in the gum.
- cheek teeth of horse.

A

Hypsodont dentition

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40
Q

Tongue: divided parts
free part at the rostral end.

A

apex

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41
Q

Tongue: divided parts
muscular part (meaty)

A

body

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42
Q

Tongue: divided parts
caudal part adjacent to the pharynx

A

root

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43
Q

Tongue is covered with?

A

thick keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium.

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44
Q

Surface is characterized by a large number
of projections , the papillae,
which are particularly well developed on the
dorsal surface.

A

lingual papillae

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45
Q

most numerous of the lingual papillae; fine, small, cone shaped papillae (hair-like) covering most of the dorsum of the tongue.

A

Filiform papillae

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46
Q

are club shaped projections, scattered amongst the
filiform papillae and have taste buds.

A

Fungiform papillae

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47
Q

are short vertical folds, appear as a series of red colored, leaf–like ridges of mucosa and bear many taste buds.

A

Foliate papillae

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48
Q

(or vallate papillae) - are dome-shaped, large,
circular projections surrounded by a deep groove and with taste buds.

A

Circumvallate papillae

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49
Q

one of the sparsely scattered elevations on the tongue, often considered to be modified filiform
papillae.

A

Conical papilla

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50
Q

filiform, fungiform, and vallate papillae, found in?

A

found in all domestic animals

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51
Q

present in the horse, pig, and dog, but not in ruminants.

A

foliate papillae

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52
Q

have large conical papillae.

A

ruminants

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53
Q

papillae that do not bear taste, but all other types of papillae do

A

Filiform and Conical

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54
Q

Serves as the common passageway for food and air and is located caudal to the oral and nasal cavities. It is lined by mucous membrane and surrounded by muscles.

A

Pharynx

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55
Q

Pharynx 3 regions

A

a) Nasopharynx
b) Oropharynx
c) Laryngopharynx

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56
Q

Is a muscular tube extending from the
pharynx (oropharynx) to the stomach, until
immediately caudal to the diaphragm.

A

Esophagus

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57
Q

Esophagus 3 parts (based location)

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Abdominal parts
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58
Q

voluntary as far as the base of the heart. has a well-marked cardiac sphincter thus vomiting is extremely rare. It is the only domestic animal in which acute
gastric dilatation can occur to the point of
rupture of the stomach wall without vomiting

A

horse

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59
Q

vomit easily.

A

Carnivores and Omnivores

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60
Q

esophagus is also voluntary, but only until few inches near the cardia.

A

Pigs

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61
Q

easily dilatable and voluntary throughout.

A

Ox/sheep

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62
Q

voluntary throughout

A

dog

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63
Q

dogs, horses, and pigs have

A

simple stomach

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64
Q

The old term ________ is discouraged
because it perpetuates the misconception
that ruminants possess more than one
stomach, although the ruminant actually has
a single stomach with multiple compartments.

A

Monogastric

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65
Q

Simple Stomach regions: (entrance) - proximal to the heart

A

Cardia

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66
Q

Simple Stomach regions: has greater curvature (convex side) and lesser curvature (concave side),
large bulge

A

Fundus

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67
Q

Simple Stomach regions: connected to the small intestine.

A

Pylorus

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68
Q

Simple Stomach Regions: – greater curvature and pyloric region (outflow)

A

body

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69
Q

__ how many distinct circular muscles are found in
the entrance and exit of the stomach,
namely:

A

Cardiac sphincter and Pyloric sphincter

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70
Q

muscular ring, separates the stomach from the esophagus.

A

Cardiac sphincter

71
Q

strong annular muscle, at the junction of the stomach and duodenum. The junction of the
stomach and the duodenum.

A

Pyloric sphincter

72
Q

Stomach has _____ that allow it to
expand to increase volume and
accommodate more food.

A

gastric folds

73
Q

The lining of the stomach has ________ created by deep infoldings of the
columnar epithelium of the mucosa.

A

gastric pits or depressions

74
Q

Stomach – Non ruminants: 4 layers

A

Tunica Serosa, Tunica Muscularis, Tunica Submucosa, Tunica Mucosa

75
Q

covers the outer surface of the stomach and continuous with the parietal peritoneum.

A

Tunica Serosa

76
Q

composed of three smooth muscle layers – outer longitudinal, middle circular, and internal oblique muscles.

A

Tunica Muscularis

77
Q

containing blood vessels and nerves.

A

Tunica Submucosa

77
Q

containing blood vessels and nerves.

A

Tunica Submucosa

78
Q

Tunica Mucosa has 2 parts

A

Esophageal part and Glandular part

79
Q

has no glands and composed of squamous epithelium

A

Esophageal part

80
Q

which contains gastric glands

A
  • Glandular part
81
Q

Glandular part have __ regions

A

Cardiac, Fundic, Pyloric

82
Q

closest to the esophageal region, contains cardiac
gland (mucous glands), do not produce enzyme.

A

Cardiac region

83
Q

body of the stomach, contains fundic glands (true gastric glands, composed of 3 types of cells,
body chief cells, neck chief cells, and parietal cells.

A

Fundic region

84
Q

pyloric glands – secretes mucus and small amount of
proteolytic enzymes, no parietal cells.

A

Pyloric region

85
Q

The Ruminant stomach is a single stomach
composed of __ compartments

A

4

86
Q

The Ruminant stomach is a single stomach
composed of?

A

Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum,= (forestomach) Abomasum

87
Q

The terminal compartment is a small
glandular portion of the ruminant stomach
called___

A

Abomasum

88
Q

honey-comb, smallest section, most anterior of the
compartments, lies entirely on the left median plane, acts as a liquid reservoir to soften heavy matter in
food.

A

Reticulum

89
Q

paunch, largest part of the adult compound stomach, fermentation vat, an organ of maceration, a site of bacterial digestion and an organ of
absorption.

A

Rumen

90
Q

many plies, grinds food more finely and absorb excess moisture, broad longitudinal folds or leaves resemble the pages in a book, not function in rumination.

A

Omasum

91
Q

true/ glandular stomach of ruminants, secretes gastric enzymes and hydrochloric acid.

A

Abomasum

92
Q

Muscular tube connecting the stomach to the
cecum and the large intestine.

A

small intestine

93
Q

Suspended from the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity by a fold of peritoneum Called ____

A

great mesentery.

94
Q

Small intestines 3 parts

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

95
Q

makes-up 5% of the total length of the small intestine. It has an s-shaped portion which contains the pancreas.

A

duodenum

96
Q

makes-up 90% of the total length and has not clear demarcation from other either duodenum or ileum. Forms the mesenteric part of the intestine, and
generally located in the left dorsal position of
the abdominal cavity.

A

jejunum

97
Q

makes-up about 4 to 5% of the total length of the intestine. This portion is connected to the cecum and large intestine.

A

ileum

98
Q

small intestines glands

A

Intestinal gland, Duodenal gland, Peyer’s patches

99
Q

crypt of Lieberkühn or intestinal crypt
Found throughout the small intestine.

A

Intestinal gland

100
Q

Crypt of Lieberkühn - Cells:

A

Goblet cells, Enterocytes, Enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells, Villi

101
Q

secrete mucus for lubrication and protection.

A

Goblet cells

102
Q

secret water and electrolytes

A

Enterocytes

103
Q

secrete hormones

A

Enteroendocrine cells

104
Q

secrete antimicrobial peptides

A

Paneth cells

105
Q

reabsorbs the water and electrocytes

A

Villi

106
Q

Brunner’s glands
Found in the first part of the small intestine;
produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion.

A

Duodenal gland

107
Q

associated with immune system.

A

Peyer’s patches

108
Q

Is composed of several organs with distinct
functions.

A

large intestine

109
Q

(cul de sac) – is a blind sac situated between the ileum and the great colon.
In herbivores, this organ stores food materials for microbial digestion and fermentation, especially in hindgut fermenters (e.g., horses).

A

Cecum

110
Q

is a coiled tubular organ responsible in absorbing water from digested food.

A

Colon

111
Q

Colon 3 parts

A

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon

112
Q

forms a short connection that runs transversely from the distal ascending colon to proximal
descending colon, running from right to
left side of the abdomen.

A

Transverse colon

113
Q

relatively straight, running caudad on the left
side of the abdomen to the pelvic cavity, where it terminates as the rectum.

A

Descending colon

114
Q

terminal part of the intestine and is found in the pelvic cavity. Serves as a temporary storage for feces.

A

rectum

115
Q

terminal part of the alimentary
tract, continuous with the skin.

A

anus

116
Q

3 important muscles responsible for its function:

A

Sphincter ani internus, Sphincter ani externus, Retractor ani

117
Q

circular smooth muscle

A

Sphincter ani internus

118
Q

outside the preceding, composed of skeletal
muscle fibers and adhere intimately to the skin surrounding the margin of the anus.

A

Sphincter ani externus

119
Q

retracts the partial prolapse that the anus undergoes during defecation.

A

Retractor ani

120
Q

The following are structures associated with
the abdominal visceral muscles:

A

Peritoneal structures

121
Q

tethers the liver to the ventral midline.

A

Falciform ligament

122
Q

spanning between the left kidney and spleen.

A

Renosplenic (nephrosplenic) ligament

123
Q

connecting the liver and proximal duodenum.

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

124
Q

parts of the peritoneum connecting the stomach with other structures.

A

Omentum

125
Q

extending from the lesser curvature of the
stomach to the liver.

A

Lesser omentum

126
Q

attached to the greater curvature of the
stomach (and the comparable portion of the ruminant stomach).

A

Greater omentum

127
Q

Accessory Digestive Organs

A

Salivary glands, Pancreas, Liver,

128
Q

Provide necessary digestive enzymes, a route of excretion of substances which accumulate on the teeth and provide lubricative and cleansing functions.

A

Salivary glands

129
Q

3 major types of salivary gland.

A

Parotid, Mandibular, Sublingual

130
Q

located ventral to the ear in relation to the
caudal border of the mandible.

A

Parotid Salivary Gland

131
Q

located ventral to the parotid, just caudal to the
mandible.

A

Mandibular Salivary Gland

132
Q

located deep to the mucous membrane along
the ventral side of the lateral surface of
the tongue near the floor of the mouth.

A

Sublingual Salivary Gland

133
Q

There are also minor salivary glands such as:

A

labial, buccal, lingual, and palatine glands.

134
Q

produce a watery clear fluid.

A

Serous Glands

135
Q

secrete, a viscous material that acts as a protective covering for the surface of mucous membranes.

A

Mucous Glands

136
Q

produce both mucous and serous fluids.

A

Mixed Glands

137
Q

secretes primarily serous saliva. The mandibular and sublingual salivary glands are mixed glands in domestic farm animals.

A

Parotid salivary gland

138
Q

Most minor salivary glands have__

A

mucous secretions

139
Q

Is a compound gland, which is irregularly lobulated and lies adjacent to the proximal duodenum (first loop of the duodenum).

A

Pancreas

140
Q

producing sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes through pancreatic ducts.

A

Exocrine (acinar) portion

141
Q

consists of isolated groups of pale-staining cells scattered throughout the gland called the pancreatic
islets (formerly islets of Langerhans).

A

Endocrine portion

142
Q

The _____ are responsible in
producing the hormones that pass directly
into the bloodstream most notably glucagon
and insulin, which are the primary regulators
of blood sugar levels.

A

pancreatic islets

143
Q

3 major types of cells within the pancreatic islets:

A

alpha, beta, delta

144
Q

responsible in producing glucagon, which raises the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

A

alpha cells

145
Q

responsible in producing insulin for decreasing and utilization of blood glucose by body tissues.

A

beta cells

146
Q

responsible in producing somatostatin which inhibits the release of numerous other hormones in the body.

A

delta cells

147
Q

Considered as the largest gland in the body
(about 1 to 2% of the total adult body weight).
Situated posterior to the diaphragm and
conforms closely to the shape of the
structure.

A

Liver

148
Q

The blood enters the liver via:

A

hepatic artery, portal vein, heptic vein

149
Q

branch of the celiac artery.

A

hepatic artery

150
Q

main trunk of the portal system and blood leaves the liver via the:

A

portal vein

151
Q

enters the posterior vena cava. The blood leaves the liver through the hepatic vein.

A

hepatic vein

152
Q

= The liver’s digestive secretion, bile, leaves
the liver through [hepatic ducts], which join the
[cystic duct] from the gallbladder to form the
[common bile duct], which then passes to
proximal duodenum into the lumen to which it
opens in common with the pancreatic duct on
the major duodenal papilla.

A
153
Q

All domestic animals except the _____have
a gallbladder for storage of bile.

A

horse

154
Q

The morphologic unit of the liver is the___
a polygonal cylinder of liver cells (the hepatocytes) in the center of which is a central vein at the angles on the periphery.

A

hepatic lobule

155
Q

In and around the sinusoids are fixed macrophages, which in this location are called ____

A

Kupffer cells

156
Q

3 lobes: right, middle, or central, and left lobes; no gall bladder

A

equine

157
Q

Not divided into lobes

A

bovine

158
Q

4 lobes: right lateral, right medial, left lateral, and left medial

A

porcine

159
Q

5 lobes: left lateral, left central, right central, right lateral, and caudate lobe.

A

canine

160
Q

Is the rhythmic, coordinated contraction of
muscles to move ingesta along the GIT.

A

Peristaltic Movement

161
Q

There are usually two layers of smooth
muscles:

A

inner layer is circular and outer layer is longitudinal,

162
Q

circular muscles contract behind the food mass.

A

inner layer is circular

163
Q

muscles contract ahead of food mass.

A

outer layer is longitudinal

164
Q

AVIAN

Modification of the ____ into a ____,
the shape of which is adapted to the
foraging behaviors and diet of
individual species.

A

jaws, beak

165
Q

AVIAN

The _____ is incompletely fused
resulting in a longitudinal opening
between oral and nasal cavities called
the choanal cleft.

A

palate

166
Q

AVIAN

Which provides pepsin, and hydrochloric acid
for enzymatic digestion,

A

Proventriculus or glandular stomach (first chamber)

167
Q

AVIAN

Highly keratinized mucosa on the inside, the
cuticle, forms a thick, leathery sheet, which is
removed during processing for human
consumption; has grit

A

Gizzard or muscular stomach (or ventriculus muscularis)

168
Q

AVIAN

remnant of the embryonic connection to the yolk sac.
The short ileum terminates at the large
intestine, a point demarcated clearly in
domestic birds by the presence of paired
ceca.

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

169
Q

AVIAN

that temporarily holds feces

A

coprodeum

170
Q

AVIAN

that has openings for two ureters

A

Urodeum

171
Q

that houses the male reproductive organs (or has opening for the female reproductive tract), and has the opening of the bursa of Fabricius.

A

Proctodeum

172
Q

= Absorption of water and electrolytes in the
ceca, rectum, and coprodeum contribute to
overall fluid and electrolyte balance

A

zoot (9 decks)

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