Chapter 4-6 Flashcards
vascular fluid enclosed within blood vessels
closed circulation
fluid directly bath tissues
open circulation
circulation to lungs
pulmonary circulation
to rest of the body
systematic circulation
3 components of circulatory system
heart, blood vessels, blood
transported in the blood
respiratory gases, nutrients, waste products, specialized blood cells, hormones, heat
how many % does plasma accounts?
about 55%
platelets %
0.01%
red blood cells %
41%
white blood cells%
4%
components of WBC (5)
lymphocyte, basophil, eosinophil, monocyte, neutrophil
other name for RBC
erythrocytes
most numerous cells, non-nucleated, disk shaped cells
RBC
other name for WBC
leukocytes
granulocytes (3)?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranulocytes (2)
monocytes, lymphocytes
species with nucleated RBC
reptiles and amphibians, aves (bird), teleosts (fish)
species with enucleated RBC
human, cat, dog
nucleus have 3-6 lobes cells called?
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
have 3-6 lobes
neutrophils
how many neutrophils does account in WBC
50%-70%
large, uniformly sized granules” red orange acidic dyes
eosinophils
% eosinophils account in leukocytes
2%-5%
it tends to increase number due to
allergic and parasitic condition
slightly smaller than neutrophils. purplish black
basophils
% basophils in leukocytes
0.5-1.0%
kidney/ horse shoe shaped nucleus
monocytes
after leaving bloodstream it became?
macrophages
% of monocytes?
3%-8%
produces antibodies, neutralizes and fixes toxins
lymphocytes
how many % does lymphocytes account in WBC
25% of WBC
other name for platelets
thrombocytes
blood clotting
platelets
RBC/ hemoglobin reduced
anemia
excessive RBC circulating blood
polycythemia
decrease number of WBC
leucopenia
blood clot attached interior wall of vein
thrombus
clot circulating in blood
embolus
cone shape, hollow muscular structure
heart
thoracic structures by large arteries, veins, pericardial sac
base
entirely free within pericardial sac
apex
right side of the heart is oriented more on?
cranial
left side of the heart is oriented more on?
caudal
serous membrane, partially surrounds the heart
pericardium
superficial fibrous layer, fixes heart to mediastinum, lubricant the heart
parietal pericardium
pericardial space with pericardial fluid
visceral pericardium
outer serous layer of the heart
epicardium
thick muscular layer
myocardium
separates 2 ventricles
ventricular septum
inner endothelial lining
endocardium
the atrium what?
receives blood
ventricle do what?
pumps blood
what is right atrioventricular valve?
tricuspid valve
what is left atrioventricular valve?
bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
semilunar valve (2) ?
aortic valve, pulmonary valve
internal structures, fibrous cords
chordae tendineae
internal structures, papillary muscles
small muscular projections
vessels and vena cava: caudal and cranial
pulmonary arteries
vessels and vena cava: right and left
pulmonary veins and aorta
tubular structures, carry blood away from heart
arteries and artrioles
tiny tubes, simple squamous epithelium lines heart and BV
capillaries
tiny tubes, simple squamous epithelium lines heart and BV
capillaries
venules merge into larger veins
veins and venules
separates atrium and ventricles to prevent backflow
valves
movement of oxy blood to all areas and return deoxy blood to heart
systematic circulation
separates atrium and pulmonary artery
pulmonary valve
separates atrium and aorta
aortic valve
relaxation of chamber prior and during filling of chamber
diastole
contraction of chamber, blood out of chamber
systole
first sound or s1
lub
lub marks beginning of?
systole
second of s2
dub
dub marks the beginning of?
diastole
third sound opening of?
A-V valves
fourth sound?
atrial contraction
measure pressure in arteries, heart rests between beats and refilled with blood
diastolic BP
measure pressure in arteries, when heart muscle contracts
systolic BP
pacemaker of heart
sinoatrial 9SA) mode
intra- atrial septum
atrioventricular (AV) mode
extends from AV mode into ventricle
common bundle
abnormally slow heartbeat
bradycardia
abnormally rapid heartbeat
tachycardia
no heartbeat
arrhythmia
lymphatic system helps rid what?
toxins, waste, unwanted materials
sources of lymphocytes?
yolk sac, fetal liver, bone marrow
sites of lymphocyte development (primary lymphoid organs)
thymus, bursa, peyer’s patches, bone marrow
sites where lymphocytes respond to antigens (secondary lymphoid organs)
tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, peyer’s patches, bone marrow
one- way pathway, parallels venous system and eventually empties in cranial vena cava
lymphatic vessels
discrete knots, small bean shaped, first defense to infections.
lymph nodes
involution at puberty, never completely disappearing, lies cranial to heart.
thymus
lymphoid organ, associated with circulatory system, blood reservoir. graveyard of RBC
spleen
only in birds, above cloaca, shrinks as they age
bursa of fabricus
lymphoid organ, walls of small intestine MALT
peyer’s patches
unencapsulated aggregate, associated with pharyngeal mucosa
tonsil
peyer’s patches in ruminants appears?
homogeneous band
primary functional cell of NS
neuron
supporting cells
neuroglia
something that excites or activates
stimulus
wave of excitation
impulse
automatic, involuntary response to change
reflex
cell body (support center)
soma
transmits electrical signal toward cell body
dendrites
transmits electrical signal away cell body
axon
electrical signal traveling down axon
neural impulse (action potential)
covers axon, speeds up neural impulses
myelin sheath
neurons conduct signals from receptors to CNS
sensory (affarent)
confined to CNS
interneurons
neurons conduct signals from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
motor (efferent)
single process, from cell body (2 branches)
unipolar (pseudounipolar)
2 process 1 arising from each end, middle cell body
bipolar
many extensions, process arising from cell body, 1 extension axon, rest desdrites
multipolar
surround neuron, cell bodies ganglia, support nutrients
satellite cells
wrap around portion of only axon, forms myelin sheath of neurons in PNS
Schwann cell
other names for schwann cells
neurolemmocytes
form myelin sheath, surround axons, CNS
oligodendrocytes
extracellular brain fluids, tight junctions, blood brain barrier
astrocytes
specialized macrophage
microglia
line brain and spinal cord central canal, secrete CFS
ependymal cells
CSF means
cerebrospinal fluid
connective tissue, covers brain (cranial) and spinal
meninges
pachymeninx
dura mater
arachnoid + pia mater
leptomeninx
shape of Gray matter
H
Gray matter is mainly>
nerve cell bodies
superficial, nerve fibers, predominate
white matter
largest part of the brain
cerebrum
coordinate muscle, movement, posture, balance
cerebellum
medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon, diencephalon
brainstem
connect cerebrum and cerebellum to SC
brainstem
a 1 month old embryo have this
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
5 weeks old
forebrain (telencephalon , diencephalon)
midbrain (mesencephalon),
hindbrain (metencephalon, myelencephalon)
PRIMARY BRAIN VESICLES
also known as prosencephalon
forebrain
midbrain is also known as
mesencephalon
hindbrain is also known as
rhombencephalon
epithalamus
pineal gland
cerebrum
intelligence
olfactory
smell
optic
vision
oculomotor
eye movement
trochlear
eye movement
trigeminal
facial touch, temp, pain
abducens
eye movement
facial
chewing, saliva, taste buds
vestibulocochlear
equilibrium, hearing
glossopharyngeal
throat, tongue movement, swallowing
vagus
heart and lung signals
accessory
neck, motor func
hypoglossal
tongue, chew, speech
CN II
optic
CN IV
trochlear
CN VI
abducens
CN VIII
vestibulocochlear
CN I
olfactory
CN IX
glossopharyngeal
CN X
Vagus
CN XI
accessory
CN III
oculomotor
CN V
trigeminal
CN VII
Facial
CN XII
hypoglossal
