Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
Vitamin D3, cholesterol in skin
cholecalciferol
Vit D3 in liver
calcidol
Vit D3 in kidney
calcitriol
covers outside of an animal continuous with?
mucous membranes
outer layer, squamous epithelium. free nerve- endings
epidermis
dense, irregular connective tissue. Cushions from stress and strain
dermis (corium)
superficial fascia, loose connective tissue, lobules of fat
hypodermis (subcutis)
layers of dead. flattened cells
stratum corneum
variably present, poorly stainable
stratum lucidum
spindle- shaped cells, basophilic keratohyalin (keratinocytes)
stratum granulosum
spiny; intercellular bridges, connect adjacent cells
stratum spinosum
cuboidal, mitotically active, columnar cells
stratum basale
drying hardening, skin tough and resistant to drying
keratinization and cornification
what influence keratinization and cornification
trauma or disease process
increase thickness due to trauma
callus
where is panniculus adiposus
hypodermis
smooth outer coat hair
guard hair
undercoat, often curly
wool hair
long stiff, organ to touch hairs
tactile hair
modification of epidermis
hair follicle
base of follicle, cells divide, build shaft
hair bulb
holocrine glands, oily secretory product
sebaceous glands
oily secretory product
sebum
bundle smooth muscle fibers, hair follicle angle toward epidermis
arrector pili muscle
scaly cortex, thin cuticle
medulla
covers root of hair and dermis papilla
internal epithelial root sheath
internal root sheath, rise to sebaceous glands
external epithelial root sheath
dermis of hoofs and horns
corium
waxy laye, cover outside of hoofs
periople
connection between hoof wall and corium
laminae
shock- absorbing of subcutis
digital cushion
horns form over process?
cornual process
soft type of horn
epikeras
do not bear weight, little clinical significance
declaws
hornlike growths, medial of horse’s limbs
chestnuts
proximal to carpus
front chestnuts
distal to hocks
hind chestnuts
small cornified epithelium, center of palmar (plantar) fetlock of horse
ergots
epidermal growths, outer covers or plumage
feather
external anatomical structures of birds
bill/beak
freshly growth, crest on top of gallinaceous birds; turkeys, pheasant, domestic chickens
comb and wattle
hanging various parts of head and neck in birds and mammals
caruncle
protuberance on forehead of turkeys
snood
bone composition of organic framework
1/3
collagen and polysaccharides
glycosaminoglycans
inorganic component in bone composition
2/3
inorganic component largely in?
calcium and phosphorus salts
dense cortical bone, entire shaft of bones
compact bones
spongy bine, porous network filled with marrow
cancellous bone
marrow cavity, space surrounded by cortex of long bone
medullary cavity
either end of a long bone
epiphysis
cylindrical shaft of long bone
diaphysis
flared are adjacent to epiphysis, cortical bone thinner
metaphysis
bone can increase in length
epiphyseal cartilage / disk
covers articular surface of bone, cover joints of bone
articular cartilage
fibrous membrane covers surface except Articular Cartilages
periosteum
bone producing cells , bone matrix
osteoblasts
lines the marrow cavity
endosteum
bone destroying cells
osteoclasts
maintains bone tissue
osteocytes
stem cell
osteogenic cell
bone that is cylinder like shape, longer than its wide
long bones
examples of long bones
femur, tibia, fibula, ulna, metatarsals, humerus, radius, phalanges, metacarpals
spongy bone filled with marrow, cuboid, absorb concussion
short bones
examples of short bones
carpals and tarsals
thin, diploe, protect internal organs
flat bones
examples of flat bones
sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bones
sesame seed shape, small and round. embedded in tendons, reduce friction.
sesamoid bones
examples of sesamoid bones
patellae
air spaces/sinuses bones
pneumatic bones
unpaired bones on median plane, complex shapes
irregular bones
examples of irregular bones
vertebrae, facial bones
3 divisions of skeleton
axial, appendicular, visceral
supports brain and pituitary gland
sphenoid bone
opening/ passageway of olfactory nerves
ethmoid bone
eye socket
orbit
vomer bones
nasal
upper teeth and dental arcade
maxillae and incisive bones
lower teeth, muscles for chwewing
mandible
motion of the neck
cervical vertebrae
1st CV
atlas
2nd CV
axis
articular facets for ribs
thoracic vertebrae
ventrum bony thorax, bony origin to pectoral muscles
sternum
cranium/ cranial extremity of sternum
manubrium
lateral walls of thorax
ribs
flat, triangular (shoulder blade)
scapula
in birds they have collarbone
clavicle
also known as arm bone
humerus
in mammals which is larger radius or ulna?
radius
in birds which is larger radius or ulna?
ulna
in horse they have long>
long pastern bones
middle phalanx
short pastern bone
distal phalanx
coffin bone
pelvis 3 bones
ilium, pubis, ischium
coxofemoral
hip
stifle
knee
true leg
crus
ankle?
tarsus
rostral bone in swine
os rostri
around pulmonary artery of the heart
os cordis
in canine family, gorilla and chimpanzee, above male urethra, stiffness in penetration
os penis or baculum
function of Muscular System
movement, body heat production, posture and support of body
contracting lengthwise or shortening
contractility
stretched 30% from rest
extensibility
tendency to recoil from stretched
elasticity
3 types of muscles
skeleton, cardiac,smooth
attach muscles to bone
tendon
less moveable structure of skeleton muscle
origin
more moveable structure of skeleton muscle
insertion
binds single fiber together, supports capillaries and nerve endings
endomysium
sheath covering, fasciculli
perimysium
sheath covering entire muscle
epimysium
covers muscle and attaches to skin
fascia
decrease angle joint
flexor
increase angle joint
extensor
pull limb, toward median plane
adductor
move limb, away median plane
abductor
encircle opening, striated or smooth
sphincter
produce desired action
agonist
opposite of agonist
antagonist
opposed undesired action of agonist
synergists
