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Endocrine- oxford > Reproductive physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the daily production rate of testosterone in males.

A

The daily production rate of testosterone in males is 5-15mg.

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2
Q

What percentage of total testosterone circulates as free biologically active hormone?

A

2-4% of total testosterone circulates as free biologically active hormone.

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3
Q

Which proteins is testosterone bound to?

A

Testosterone is bound to proteins, particularly albumin (~38%) and SHBG (~60%).

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4
Q

What is the affinity of testosterone to albumin compared to SHBG?

A

Testosterone is bound to albumin with lower affinity than to SHBG.

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5
Q

What is the ‘bioavailable’ form of testosterone?

A

Albumin-bound testosterone can also be regarded as ‘bioavailable’.

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6
Q

What is the percentage of SHBG-bound androstenedione?

A

Androstenedione is only about 6% SHBG-bound.

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7
Q

Describe the daily production rate of estradiol in females.

A

The daily production rate of estradiol in females is 40-400 micrograms.

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8
Q

What percentage of free estradiol is biologically active?

A

2-3% of free estradiol is biologically active.

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9
Q

What is the main enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to DHT?

A

The enzyme 5α-reductase, specifically type 2, is responsible for the conversion of testosterone to DHT.

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10
Q

What is the main enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to DHT?

A

The enzyme 5α-reductase, specifically type 2, is responsible for the conversion of testosterone to DHT.

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11
Q

What is the main enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to DHT?

A

The enzyme 5α-reductase, specifically type 2, is responsible for the conversion of testosterone to DHT.

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12
Q

Where is the aromatase enzyme found in greatest quantities?

A

The aromatase enzyme is found in greatest quantities in the testes and adipose tissue.

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13
Q

Where is the aromatase enzyme found in greatest quantities?

A

The aromatase enzyme is found in greatest quantities in the testes and adipose tissue.

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14
Q

Where is the aromatase enzyme found in greatest quantities?

A

The aromatase enzyme is found in greatest quantities in the testes and adipose tissue.

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15
Q

What effects previously attributed to testosterone are now known to be mediated by estrogen?

A

Many effects previously attributed to testosterone are now known to be mediated by estrogen, especially closure of epiphyses and maintenance of bone density.

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16
Q

What effects previously attributed to testosterone are now known to be mediated by estrogen?

A

Many effects previously attributed to testosterone are now known to be mediated by estrogen, especially closure of epiphyses and maintenance of bone density.

17
Q

What effects previously attributed to testosterone are now known to be mediated by estrogen?

A

Many effects previously attributed to testosterone are now known to be mediated by estrogen, especially closure of epiphyses and maintenance of bone density.

18
Q

How are testosterone and its metabolites inactivated and excreted?

A

Testosterone and its metabolites are inactivated in the liver and excreted in the urine.

19
Q

How is estradiol conjugated in the liver?

A

Estradiol is conjugated in the liver to sulphates and glucuronates.

20
Q

What are the two types of receptors that oestradiol binds to?

A

Oestradiol binds to α receptors (reproductive tissues) and β receptors (bone, brain, heart, etc.).

21
Q

What are the functions of progesterone?

A

Progesterone is involved in ovulation, implantation, pregnancy, regulation of uterine function, smooth muscle relaxation, and CNS effects.

22
Q

What are the actions of testosterone and DHT mediated by?

A

Both testosterone and DHT exert their activity by binding to androgen receptors.

23
Q

What are the actions of estradiol mediated by?

A

The actions of estradiol are mediated by binding to α and β receptors.

24
Q

What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone regulates uterine function during the menstrual cycle, controlling cyclical changes in proliferation and decidualization.

Endocrine- oxford (25 decks)

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