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Endocrine- oxford > Cardiorenal-Protective Glucose-Lowering Medications > Flashcards

Cardiorenal-Protective Glucose-Lowering Medications Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors.

A

SGLT2 inhibitors reduce plasma glucose by enhancing urinary excretion of glucose.

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2
Q

What are the cardiovascular and renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

SGLT2 inhibitors have been shown to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, hospitalization for heart failure, and improve renal outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

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3
Q

What are the potential side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

The use of SGLT2 inhibitors is associated with an increased risk of mycotic genital infections and diabetic ketoacidosis, although the incidence of these side effects is low.

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4
Q

How can the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis be mitigated with SGLT2 inhibitor use?

A

Education on signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis and temporary discontinuation of the medication in clinical situations that predispose to ketoacidosis can help mitigate the risk.

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5
Q

How can the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis be mitigated with SGLT2 inhibitor use?

A

Education on signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis and temporary discontinuation of the medication in clinical situations that predispose to ketoacidosis can help mitigate the risk.

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6
Q

What are some safety concerns associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

Early studies raised concerns about acute kidney injury, dehydration, orthostatic hypotension, amputation, and fractures, but longer-term studies have not shown a significant imbalance in risks.

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7
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

GLP-1 receptor agonists augment glucose-dependent insulin secretion and glucagon suppression, decelerate gastric emptying, curb postmeal glycemic increments, and reduce appetite, energy intake, and body weight.

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8
Q

What are the approved uses of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

GLP-1 receptor agonists are approved for improving HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes and reducing the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes with established cardiovascular disease or multiple cardiovascular risk factors.

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9
Q

What are the approved uses of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

GLP-1 receptor agonists are approved for improving HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes and reducing the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes with established cardiovascular disease or multiple cardiovascular risk factors.

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10
Q

How are GLP-1 receptor agonists administered?

A

GLP-1 receptor agonists are primarily available as injectable therapies, with one oral GLP-1 receptor agonist now available.

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11
Q

What are the benefits of higher doses of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

Higher doses of GLP-1 receptor agonists have been shown to provide greater reductions in HbA1c and weight compared to lower doses.

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12
Q

What are the common side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

The most common side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists are gastrointestinal in nature, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

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13
Q

Describe the recommended approach for initiating GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy.

A

Gradual up-titration of GLP-1 receptor agonists is recommended to mitigate gastrointestinal side effects.

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14
Q

Describe the recommended approach for initiating GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy.

A

Gradual up-titration of GLP-1 receptor agonists is recommended to mitigate gastrointestinal side effects.

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15
Q

Describe the recommended approach for initiating GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy.

A

Gradual up-titration of GLP-1 receptor agonists is recommended to mitigate gastrointestinal side effects.

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16
Q

What is the role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in weight management?

A

GLP-1 receptor agonists have been approved for chronic weight management in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

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17
Q

What are the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in individuals with peripheral arterial disease?

A

SGLT2 inhibitors have been associated with greater absolute outcome benefits in individuals with type 2 diabetes and peripheral arterial disease, without an increase in the risk of major adverse limb events.

18
Q

What are the potential risks associated with SGLT2 inhibitor use in individuals with COVID-19?

A

The DARE-19 trial demonstrated a low risk of diabetic ketoacidosis with structured monitoring of acid-base balance and kidney function during inpatient use of SGLT2 inhibitors in adults admitted with COVID-19 and cardiometabolic risk factors.

19
Q

How do SGLT2 inhibitors compare to placebo in terms of the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

SGLT2 inhibitors have been associated with higher rates of diabetic ketoacidosis compared to placebo, although the absolute risk is still low.

20
Q

What are the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in individuals with chronic kidney disease?

A

SGLT2 inhibitors have been associated with reduced incidence of kidney-related adverse events and greater full recovery from acute kidney injury in individuals with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

21
Q

What is the glycemic efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors at lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)?

A

SGLT2 inhibitors have lower glycemic efficacy at lower eGFR.

22
Q

What are the potential side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

The most common side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists are gastrointestinal in nature, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

23
Q

What are the potential side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

The most common side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists are gastrointestinal in nature, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

24
Q

How can the gastrointestinal side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists be managed?

A

Gradual up-titration of GLP-1 receptor agonists and patient education can help manage gastrointestinal side effects.

25
Q

What are the potential side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

The most common side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists are gastrointestinal in nature, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

26
Q

How can the gastrointestinal side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists be managed?

A

Gradual up-titration of GLP-1 receptor agonists and patient education can help manage gastrointestinal side effects.

27
Q

What are the potential side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

The most common side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists are gastrointestinal in nature, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

28
Q

How can the gastrointestinal side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists be managed?

A

Gradual up-titration of GLP-1 receptor agonists and patient education can help manage gastrointestinal side effects.

29
Q

What are the potential side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

The most common side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists are gastrointestinal in nature, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

30
Q

How can the gastrointestinal side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists be managed?

A

Gradual up-titration of GLP-1 receptor agonists and patient education can help manage gastrointestinal side effects.

31
Q

What are the potential side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

The most common side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists are gastrointestinal in nature, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

32
Q

How can the gastrointestinal side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists be managed?

A

Gradual up-titration of GLP-1 receptor agonists and patient education can help manage gastrointestinal side effects.

33
Q

What are the potential side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

The most common side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists are gastrointestinal in nature, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

34
Q

How can the gastrointestinal side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists be managed?

A

Gradual up-titration of GLP-1 receptor agonists and patient education can help manage gastrointestinal side effects.

35
Q

What are the potential side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

The most common side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists are gastrointestinal in nature, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

36
Q

How can the gastrointestinal side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists be managed?

A

Gradual up-titration of GLP-1 receptor agonists and patient education can help manage gastrointestinal side effects.

37
Q

What are the potential side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

The most common side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists are gastrointestinal in nature, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

38
Q

How can the gastrointestinal side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists be managed?

A

Gradual up-titration of GLP-1 receptor agonists and patient education can help manage gastrointestinal side effects.

39
Q

What are the benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists in terms of appetite and food intake?

A

GLP-1 receptor agonists promote a sense of satiety and can help reduce food intake.

40
Q

What are the potential benefits of higher doses of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

Higher doses of GLP-1 receptor agonists have been shown to provide greater reductions in HbA1c and weight compared to lower doses.

41
Q

What are the cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

SGLT2 inhibitors have been shown to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and hospitalization for heart failure in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

42
Q

What are the renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

SGLT2 inhibitors have been shown to improve renal outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes and an established or high risk of cardiovascular disease.

Endocrine- oxford (25 decks)

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