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Question 1

What are α-Glucosidase inhibitors used for?

Answer 1

They improve glycemic control by reducing postprandial glycemic excursions and glycemic variability.

Question 2

Which glucose-lowering medications are not commonly used in the U.S. and Europe?

Answer 2

Meglitinides, colesevelam, quick-release bromocriptine, and pramlintide.

Question 3

What were the greatest reductions in HbA1c seen with in a network meta-analysis?

Answer 3

Insulin regimens and GLP-1 RA.

Question 4

Which glucose-lowering therapy is associated with the greatest reduction in body weight?

Answer 4

Subcutaneous semaglutide.

Question 5

Which glucose-lowering therapy is associated with the greatest reduction in blood pressure?

Answer 5

SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA classes.

Question 6

Which glucose-lowering therapy is associated with the greatest reduction in blood pressure?

Answer 6

SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA classes.

Question 7

How does combination therapy benefit diabetes care?

Answer 7

It increases durability of the glycemic effect, targets multiple pathophysiological processes, reduces medication burden, and provides complementary clinical benefits.

Question 8

What was the primary outcome of the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes study?

Answer 8

Time to metabolic failure, defined as an HbA1c level ≥53 mmol/mol (≥7%).

Question 9

What was the primary outcome of the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes study?

Answer 9

Time to metabolic failure, defined as an HbA1c level ≥53 mmol/mol (≥7%).

Question 10

What was the primary outcome of the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes study?

Answer 10

Time to metabolic failure, defined as an HbA1c level ≥53 mmol/mol (≥7%).

Question 11

Which medications were more effective at achieving and maintaining HbA1c targets in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes study?

Answer 11

Insulin glargine and liraglutide.

Question 12

Which glucose-lowering therapy is prioritized in people with established cardiovascular disease?

Answer 12

GLP-1 RA.

Question 13

Which glucose-lowering therapy is prioritized in people with heart failure or chronic kidney disease?

Answer 13

SGLT2i.

Question 14

What factors should be considered when choosing glucose-lowering therapy for people with cardiorenal comorbidities?

Answer 14

Presence of cardiovascular disease, use of background therapy with metformin, stage of CKD, history of heart failure, and age.

Question 15

What does ACEi stand for in the context of glucose-lowering medication management?

Answer 15

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.

Question 16

What does ASCVD stand for in the context of glucose-lowering medication management?

Answer 16

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Question 17

What does CKD stand for in the context of glucose-lowering medication management?

Answer 17

Chronic kidney disease.

Question 18

What does CVOT stand for in the context of glucose-lowering medication management?

Answer 18

Cardiovascular outcomes trial.

Question 19

What does DPP-4i stand for in the context of glucose-lowering medication management?

Answer 19

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor.

Question 20

What does GLP-1 RA stand for in the context of glucose-lowering medication management?

Answer 20

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist.

Question 21

What does HF stand for in the context of glucose-lowering medication management?

Answer 21

Heart failure.

Question 22

What does MACE stand for in the context of glucose-lowering medication management?

Answer 22

Major adverse cardiovascular events.

Question 23

What does SGLT2i stand for in the context of glucose-lowering medication management?

Answer 23

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.

Question 24

What does SGLT2i stand for in the context of glucose-lowering medication management?

Answer 24

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.

Question 25

What does T2D stand for in the context of glucose-lowering medication management?

Answer 25

Type 2 diabetes.

Question 26

What does TZD stand for in the context of glucose-lowering medication management?

Answer 26

Thiazolidinedione.

Question 27

Describe the benefits of α-Glucosidase inhibitors.

Answer 27

They improve glycemic control by reducing postprandial glycemic excursions and glycemic variability.

Question 28

Describe the benefits of combination therapy in diabetes care.

Answer 28

Combination therapy increases durability of the glycemic effect, targets multiple pathophysiological processes, reduces medication burden, and provides complementary clinical benefits.

Question 29

Describe the primary outcome of the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes study.

Answer 29

The primary outcome was time to metabolic failure, defined as an HbA1c level ≥53 mmol/mol (≥7%).

Question 30

Describe the prioritization of glucose-lowering therapy in people with cardiorenal comorbidities.

Answer 30

GLP-1 RA is prioritized in people with established cardiovascular disease, while SGLT2i is prioritized in people with heart failure or chronic kidney disease.

Question 31

Define ACEi in the context of glucose-lowering medication management.

Answer 31

ACEi stands for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.

Question 32

Define ASCVD in the context of glucose-lowering medication management.

Answer 32

ASCVD stands for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Question 33

Define CKD in the context of glucose-lowering medication management.

Answer 33

CKD stands for chronic kidney disease.

Question 34

Define CVOT in the context of glucose-lowering medication management.

Answer 34

CVOT stands for cardiovascular outcomes trial.

Question 35

Define DPP-4i in the context of glucose-lowering medication management.

Answer 35

DPP-4i stands for dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor.

Question 36

Define GLP-1 RA in the context of glucose-lowering medication management.

Answer 36

GLP-1 RA stands for glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist.

Question 37

Define HF in the context of glucose-lowering medication management.

Answer 37

HF stands for heart failure.

Question 38

Define MACE in the context of glucose-lowering medication management.

Answer 38

MACE stands for major adverse cardiovascular events.

Question 39

Define SGLT2i in the context of glucose-lowering medication management.

Answer 39

SGLT2i stands for sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.

Question 40

Define T2D in the context of glucose-lowering medication management.

Answer 40

T2D stands for type 2 diabetes.

Question 41

Define TZD in the context of glucose-lowering medication management.

Answer 41

TZD stands for thiazolidinedione.