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Anatomy > Reproductive Organs > Flashcards

Reproductive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

Oblique passage which allows structures to pass from abdominal wall to external genitalia

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2
Q

Where is the inguinal canal located (in relation to the pelvis)?

A

Above the inguinal ligament, along its medial half

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3
Q

What is the deep inguinal ring?

A

Aperture in the transversalis fascia

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4
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

Aperture in the external oblique aponeurosis

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5
Q

What does the inguinal canal transmit in males?

A

Spermatic cord

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6
Q

What does the inguinal canal transmit in females?

A

Round ligament

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7
Q

What are factors that normally prevent herniation of abdominal contents through the inguinal canal? (2)

A
  • Deep and superficial inguinal rings are in different positions
  • Lower fibres of transverse abdominis and internal oblique arch over canal, closing it during abdominal contraction
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8
Q

What does the inguinal canal transmit in both sexes?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of tissue the spermatic cord acquires as it travels through the inguinal canal?

A
  • Internal spermatic fascia
  • Cremeasteric fascia
  • Superficial spermatic fascia
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10
Q

Where is the internal spermatic fascia derived from?

A

Transverse abdominis muscle

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11
Q

Where is the cremasteric fascia derived from?

A

Internal oblique muscle

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12
Q

Where is the superficial spermatic fascia derived from?

A

Aponeurosis from external oblique

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13
Q

Describe the path of the spermatic cord and where it acquires its extra layers

A

Deep inguinal ring - internal spermatic fascia
Cremasteric fascia
Superficial inguinal ring - superficial spermatic fascia

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14
Q

What are the 3 arteries in the spermatic cord?

A
  • Artery of the vas
  • Cremaster artery
  • Testicular artery
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15
Q

What are the 3 veins in the spermatic cord?

A
  • Vein of the vas
  • Cremasteric vein
  • Testicular vein
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16
Q

What are the 3 nerves in the spermatic cord?

A
  • Ilioinguinal nerve
  • Genitofemoral nerve
  • Sympathetic nerve (vas & testicular pain)
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17
Q

What does the ilioinguinal nerve do?

A

Skin sensation to anterior 1/3 of external genitalia

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18
Q

What does the genitofemoral nerve innervate?

A

Cremaster muscle

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19
Q

What 3 structures are in the spermatic cord?

A
  • Vas deferens
  • Tunica vaginalis
  • Lymphatics
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20
Q

What is the tuica vaginalis?

A

Sac of peritoneum covering the testes

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21
Q

What is the processus vaginalis?

A

Tube-like connection from tunica vaginalis up to peritoneum

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22
Q

What is the convoluted tube lying on the posterior border of the testis?

A

Epididymis - sperm passes along it to the vas deferens

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23
Q

What is the thick white coat that covers the testis, found under the tunica vaginalis?

A

Tunica albuginea

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24
Q

What forms the testicular vein?

A

Pampiniform plexus of veins

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25
Q

What important role do veins play in the testes?

A

Temperature control to optimise sperm production

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26
Q

How does scrotal skin appear? (3)

A

Thin, wrinkled and more darkly pigmented

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27
Q

What divides the scrotum into right and left halves?

A

Incomplete midline septum

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28
Q

The fascia under the scrotal skin contain fibres of what involuntary muscle?

A

Dartos fascia

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29
Q

What is Buck’s fascia?

A

Deep fascia that forms a thick layer over the corpus cavernosum and a thinner layer over the corpus spongiosum

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30
Q

What are the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue?

A

2 cylinder of corpus cavernosum

1 cylinder of corpus spongiosum

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31
Q

Function of the corpus cavernuosum?

A

Fills with blood, allowing penis to become HARD

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32
Q

Function of the corpus spongiosum? (2)

A

Transmits the URETHRA

Enables penis to become ERECT

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33
Q

What is the glans penis?

A

The distal end of the penis, covered by foreskin.

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34
Q

What is the common outlet for urine and semen?

A

Distal part of the urethra

35
Q

What is the navicular fossa?

A

Enlargement of the urethra in the glans penis to let urine flow in a smooth stream

36
Q

In what direction does external oblique muscle travel?

A

Downwards and inwards

37
Q

What direction does internal oblique muscle travel?

A

Upwards and inwards
At ASIS - horizontally
Below ASIS - downwards and inwards

38
Q

How is the superficial inguinal ring formed?

A

Triangular deficit formed by some ex. oblique fibres running under the spermatic cord and some ex. oblique fibres running over the spermatic cord

39
Q

What is a direct hernia?

A

Passes directly through transversalis fascia and the internal oblique layer and through the superficial inguinal ring

40
Q

What is an indirect hernia?

A

Passes through the deep inguinal ring, through the inguinal canal, and out the superficial inguinal ring

41
Q

How can you distinguish between a direct and indirect hernia using other structures?

A

If LATERAL to inferior epigastric A –> indirect hernia

MEDIAL to inferior epigastric A –> direct hernia

42
Q

What are the boundaries of the urogenital triangle?

A

Laterally - inferior pubic rami

Inferiorly - line joining ischial tuberosities

43
Q

Describe the structures of the pelvis (5)

A 
Pubic symphysis
Pubic tubercles
Superior pubic rami
Inferior pubic rami
Ischium
44
Q

What is the perineal membrane?

A

Membrane (in urogenital triangle) to which the external genitalia are attached

45
Q

What is the region between the perineal membrane and the pelvic diaphragm/ floor?

A

Deep perineal pouch

46
Q

What is labia majora and what type of skin covers it?

A

Areas outside the introitus

Lined by: normal skin hair-bearing and sweat glands

47
Q

What is labia minora and what type of skin covers it?

A

Skin lining the vaginal opening

Lined by: non-hair-bearing skin w sweat glands

48
Q

What is the clitoris formed from?

A

Two erectile structures: corpora cavernosa

49
Q

What forms the hood of the clitoris?

A

Labia minora

50
Q

What spinal nerve supplies the dermatome of the distal part of the anal canal?

A

S5

51
Q

What passes through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Pudendal nerve and vessels

Sciatic nerve

52
Q

Describe the left renal vein

A

L gonadal and L adrenal veins join it as it enters the IVC

53
Q

Describe the right renal vein

A

Drains into the IVC

L gonadal and L adrenal veins drain into IVC too

54
Q

What is the anatomical outermost layer of the kidney?

A

Capsule

55
Q

What is the outermost functional layer of the kidney?

A

Renal cortex

56
Q

What does the ureter run under? (3)

A

Uterine artery
Gonadal arteries
Vas deferens

57
Q

What are the layers surrounding the kidneys?

A

Capsule
Perinephric fat
Perinephric fascia

58
Q

How can medullary pyramids be identified?

A

Appear finely striped - due to blood vessels, CD and LoH

59
Q

What muscles surround the region of the kidney?

A

Quadratus lumborum
Psoas
Iliacus

60
Q

What nerve pierces through and runs down the anterior surface of psoas?

A

Genitofemoral (L1-2)

61
Q

What nerve emerges from the medial border of psoas?

A

Obturator (L2, 3, 4)

62
Q

What nerve sits between the psoas and iliacus?

A

Femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4)

63
Q

What do the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1) supply?

A

Areas of the pubis

64
Q

What nerve arises from the lateral border of the psoas?

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L1-2)

65
Q

At what vertebral level does the aorta bifurcate?

A

L4 (umbilicus)

66
Q

Where are the 3 narrowings where a kidney stone can get stuck?

A 
Ureteropelvic junction (R pelvis--> ureter)
Crossing over the iliac vessels
Ureterovesical junction (ureter enters bladder)
67
Q

How can you differentiate between femoral and inguinal hernias?

A

Above pubic tubercle –> inguinal hernia

Below pubic tubercle –> femoral hernia

68
Q

What is the blood supply of the bladder? (3)

A

Internal iliac A
Vesicle A (sup + inf)
Internal iliac V

69
Q

What stops urine from passing back up the ureter when bladder pressure increases?

A

Ureter enters bladder at an oblique angle

Increased pressure presses against ureter in the bladder, closing it

70
Q

Why do veins in the thoracic cavity not have valves?

A

Negative pressure in chest from inspiration propels blood up veins ( during expiration gravity pulls them back down)

71
Q

What does the loss of brain control in micturition do?

A

SC controls full normal emptying of bladder –> patient suddenly urinates

72
Q

What effect does loss of sensation have on micturition? (3)

A

Brain and SC cannot tell if bladder is full
Patient constantly dribbles urine
High pressure in bladder and kidney –>kidney damage

73
Q

What effect does loss of spinal cord motor have on micturition? (2)

A

Patient knows bladder is full but cannot empty it

High pressure in bladder, renal failure

74
Q

How can you differentiate a female pelvis from a male pelvis? (3)

A

Female pelvis:

  • wide pubic arch + pelvic outlet
  • round/ oval pelvic inlet
  • ischial spines and tuberosities are more everted
75
Q

How can you differentiate a male pelvis from a female pelvis? (4)

A

Male pelvis:

  • narrow pubic arch + pelvic outlet
  • heart-shaped/ smaller pelvic inlet
  • ischial spines are closer together
  • ischial tuberosities are longer
76
Q

What structures border the bladder? (4)

A

Sup: sigmoid colon, SI, uterus
Ant: pubic symphysis
Lat: levator ani
Post: rectum, seminal vessels, vagina, cervix

77
Q

What is the smooth region of the bladder where the ureters enter?

A

Trigone

78
Q

What are the sphincters of the male and female urethra?

A

Males: internal US (above prostate), external US (urogential diaphragm, below prostate)
Females: external urethra (urogenital diaphragm)

79
Q

What are the four ligaments of the uterus?

A

Broad ligament
Round ligament of uterus
Round ligament of ovary
Suspensory ligament of ovary

80
Q

What arteries anastamose and supply the uterus?

A

Uterine artery

Ovarian artery

81
Q

Diseases of the ovarian fossa will affect what nevre?

A

Obturator nevre (pain in medial compartment of thigh)

82
Q

What is the pouch of Douglas?

A

Peritoneal covering over posterior surface of uterus and the rectum
Usually filled with small bowel or sigmoid colon

83
Q

What is the vesicouterine pouch?

A

Space between uterus and bladder

Anatomy (13 decks)

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