Pharynx & Larynx

Question 1

How far does the pharynx extend?

Answer 1

From base of skull –> C6

Question 2

What does the pharynx contain?

Answer 2

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 3

What are the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

Answer 3

Superior constrictor (post. wall of nasoP)
Middle constrictor (post. wall of oroP)
Inferior constrictor (post. wall of laryngoP)

Question 4

What marks the end of the pharynx and the start of the larynx?

Answer 4

Epiglottis

Question 5

Where does the thyroid gland sit?

Answer 5

Anterior to thyroid cartilage (spans C5 -T1)

Question 6

Where can an emergency tracheotomy be performed?

Answer 6

In cricothyroid membrane

Question 7

Where do the parathyroid glands sit?

Answer 7

4 - sit on posterior surface of thyroid gland

Question 8

What is the only complete cartilage ring around the airway?

Answer 8

Cricoid cartilage

Question 9

What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?

Answer 9

[To Zanzibar By Motor Car]
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical

Question 10

What happens if sympathetic nerves to the head and neck are damaged?

Answer 10

Horner’s syndrome (will cause on the affected side):

• no facial sweating
• sunken eye
• drooping eyelid
• constricted pupil

Question 11

What is the blood supply of the thyroid gland?

Answer 11

Superior thyroid artery (EXT carotid artery)

Inferior thyroid artery (subclavian artery)

Question 12

What is the carotid sheath?

Answer 12

Tube of fascia containing:

• carotid artery
• internal jugular vein
• vagus nerve

Question 13

Platysma muscle

• origin
• insertion

Answer 13

Origin: clavicle
Insertion: Mandible

Question 14

Sternocleidomastoid

• origin
• insertion
• innervation

Answer 14

Origin: Manubrium
Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone
Innervation: CN XI accessory nerve

Question 15

Function of sternocleidomastoid

Answer 15

Tilts and rotates the head

Question 16

Omohyoid

• origin
• insertion

Answer 16

Origin: scapula
Insertion: hyoid bone

Question 17

Sternohyoid

• origin
• insertion

Answer 17

Origin: sternum
Insertion: hyoid bone

Question 18

Sternothyroid

• origin
• insertion

Answer 18

Origin: Sternum
Insertion: thyroid cartilage

Question 19

Thyrohyoid

• origin
• insertion

Answer 19

Origin: thyroid cartilage
Insertion: hyoid bone

Question 20

Function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles (sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, etc.)?

Answer 20

Elevation and depression of larynx

Question 21

What is the isthmus?

Answer 21

Joins the R & L thyroid glands

Question 22

What is the fused 1st thoracic and lower cervical ganglia called?

Answer 22

Stellate ganglion

Question 23

Where is the carotid sinus located and what does it detect?

Answer 23

At bifurcation of the common carotid

Detects blood pressure

Question 24

What does the superior laryngeal nerve supply?

Answer 24

Sensation: larynx –> vocal cords
Motor: cricothyroid muscle

Question 25

What does the recurrent laryngeal supply?

Answer 25

Motor: all muscles of larynx EXCEPT cricothyroid Sensation: from larynx below vocal cords

Question 26

What is the vallecula fossa?

Answer 26

Groove between posterior surface of tongue and epiglottis

Question 27

What does the epiglottis go?

Answer 27

During swallowing it folds over laryngeal inlet to stop food/liquid being inhaled into lungs

Question 28

What folds mark the entrance of the larynx?

Answer 28

Aryepiglottic folds

Question 29

What do the arytenoid cartilages do?

Answer 29

Rotate on the cricoid cartilage to change vocal cords

Question 30

What are the two muscles that rotate the arytenoid cartilages and move them together and apart?

Answer 30

Posterior cricoarytenoid [abduct] | Lateral cricoarytenoid [adduct]

Question 31

What muscle lengthens and tenses the vocal cords?

Answer 31

Cricothyroid muscle

Question 32

What two muscles can be seen on posterior surface of the arytenoid cartilages and what do they do?

Answer 32

Oblique arytenoid muscle Horizontal arytenoid muscle Close larynx during cough/ swallowing

Question 33

What is the piriform recess?

Answer 33

Space on either side of the larynx

Question 34

Why is the piriform recess important?

Answer 34

Large space where tumours can grow undetected | Food can get stuck here causing bad breath

Question 35

What is the gap between the true vocal cords called?

Answer 35

Rima glottidis

Question 36

What epithelium lines the trachea?

Answer 36

Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells)

Question 37

What epithelium lines the vocal cords?

Answer 37

Non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium

Question 38

What are the 3 salivary glands?

Answer 38

Submandibular Sublingual Parotid gland

Question 39

Where does the parotid ducts enter the mouth?

Answer 39

Adjacent to the cheek, by 2nd upper premolar

Question 40

Where does the sublingual duct enter the mouth?

Answer 40

Under the tongue

Question 41

Which nerve carries sensation from the larynx below the vocal cords?

Answer 41

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 42

Which nerve travels through the parotid gland?

Answer 42

Facial nerve

Question 43

What muscle ABDUCTS the vocal cords?

Answer 43

Posterior cricoarytenoid