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Endocrinology > Reproductive Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Reproductive Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an important feature of blood flow to the testes?

A

counter current exchanging (prevents flow from collapsing a gradient)

ex: keeping penguin feet cold

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2
Q

Define spermatogenesis

A

process of sperm production

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3
Q

What are the 2 processes that comprise spermatogenesis?

A

1) spermiogenesis (remodeling)

2) spermeation (extrusion of flagellated sperm into lumen of tubule)

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4
Q

What are spermatogonia?

A

pool of undifferentiated cells committed to differentiation

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5
Q

Do spermatogonia cells undergo mitosis, meiosis or both?

A

both (majority are mitosis, minority meiosis)

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6
Q

Where are the spermatids?

A
  • near lumen of seminiferous tubules;
  • attached to adjoining Sertoli cells by “tight junctions”
  • connected to secondary spermatocytes by intercellular bridges
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7
Q

What is one of the major features of spermiogenesis?

A

shrinkage of cytoplasm (cap of membrane containing digestive enzymes – acrosome)

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8
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

sperm maturation, reservoir for sperm, stabilize acrosome

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9
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A 
alkaline secretions (neutralize vaginal secretions)
also secretes prostatic specific antigen (diagnostic use)
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10
Q

What secretes prostaglandins?

A

seminal vesicle

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11
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

assist with uterine contractions

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12
Q

What hormones stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH? Inhibit?

A

stimulated: norepinephrine
inhibit: dopamine, endorphins

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13
Q

What are the 3 hormones produced by the gonads that feedback on the HPT axis?

A

1) Activin (activate pituitary)
2) Inhibin
3) Follistatin

latter 2 inhibit

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14
Q

Do testosterone/estradiol stimulate or inhibit hypothalamus/pituitary?

A

inhibit

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15
Q

The endocrine and paracine functions of activin and inhibin are different, their namesake, however, is derived from their _____________ function

A

ENDOCRINE (feedback on pituitary)

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16
Q

Why is GnRH pulsatility so important?

A

continuous exposure to GnRH is inhibitory to FSH and LH (needed to stimulate gonads to produce androgens)

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17
Q

What happens to GnRH release in steroid users?

A

it is shut down (why athletes experience big crash when they come off steroids - body has to acclimate to synthesizing FSH again)

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18
Q

Why would you find hCG in an athlete’s blood?

A

stimulates testes to produce testosterone again

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19
Q

Leydig cells are stimulated by ____ to secrete testosterone

A

LH

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20
Q

How does LH act on leydig cells?

A

binds GPCR, activates PKA leading to an increase in gene transcription to support biosynthesis of testosterone

LH causes increased expression of sterol-carrier protein and sterol activating protein

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21
Q

What stimulates Sertoli cells?

A

1) androgens

2) FSH

22
Q

What does FSH do when interacting with Sertoli Cells?

A

binds GPCR then PKA stimulates increased gene transcription to increase biosynthesis of ABP (androgen binding protein)

increases androgen receptors, increasing responses to T

activates P-450 aromatase in Sertoli cells to convert T to E2

increases growth factors to stimulate spermatogonia

increases inhibin synthesis (to feedback on it)

23
Q

What is the paracrine action of inhibin?

A

secreted by Sertoli cells, activates Leydig cells to produce more testosterone

24
Q

What is the paracrine action of activin? How does this differ from the endocrine action?

A

Activin inhibits T secretion but stimulates thyroid to secrete FSH and LH

25
Q

Overall regulation of spermatogenesis is a balance of ____ and __________

A

FSH and inhibin

26
Q

If spermatogenesis is too fast, what is the brake?

A

germ cells signal to Sertoli cells to increase inhibin

27
Q

If spermatogenesis is too slow, the brake is pulled off and what happens?

A

decreased inhibin which leads to an increase in FSH which results in an increase in spermatogenesis

28
Q

What is primarily responsible for erection?

A

parasympathetics

Ach and NO

29
Q

What does NO do in achieving erection?

A

stimulates guanylyl cyclase, producing cGMP (leads to vasodilation)

Viagra acts to inhibit the phosphodiesterases the break down cGMP

30
Q

ejaculation is under control of a ________ ________

A

spinal reflex (afferents reach sacral spinal cord S2-S4 triggering efferent somatic motor neurons via pudendal nerve)

31
Q

What is hypergonadotropic hypogonadism?

A

increased LH, FSH with decreased testosterone, DHT)

Ex: Klinefelter’s

PRIMARY GONADAL ABNORMALITY

32
Q

What is hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?

A

decreased LH, FSH, decreased testosterone, DHT

abnormalities in tertiary (hypothalamic) and secondary (pituitary) function

33
Q

The fundamental reproductive unit of the ovary is the __________

A

follicle

34
Q

What is responsible for maintaining hormonal support for the fetus until the placenta can?

A

ovaries

35
Q

When do all oogonia become primary oocytes?

A

6 months after birth (stopped in prophase of meiosis I)

36
Q

What kind of cells surround the follicle?

A

granulosa (surrounded by theca)

37
Q

What are the stages of follicular development?

A

Primordial follicle —–> primary follicle ——> secondary follicle

38
Q

Follicles become secondary under the influence of _____

A

FSH

39
Q

What is the Graafian follicle?

A

dominant one, defined by fluid filled space in the center (antrum)

get one per month (suppresses other follicles from growing/developing)

40
Q

What surrounds the oocyte?

A

zona pellucida (mucopolysaccharide)

41
Q

What anchors the egg in the follicle so it doesnt rattle around?

A

cumula oophorus

42
Q

What triggers rupture of the follicle?

A

lots of antral fluid (increased osmotic pressure)

mucopolysaccharides depolymerize

43
Q

When is the initial meiotic division completed

A

ovulation (first polar body degenerates, secondary oocyte prevails)

44
Q

What happens to the Graaffian follicle after ovulation?

A

becomes the corpus luteum

45
Q

What is the main hormone secreted by the corpus lutuem?

A

protesterone

46
Q

Why is the corpus luteum yello?

A

lipid droplets that accumulate when the theca and granulosa cells undergo leutinization

47
Q

If no baby, corpus luteum becomes _______ ________

A

corpus albicans

48
Q

Inhibin B is from the _________ _________

A

dominant follicle

49
Q

Inhibin A is from the _________ __________

A

corpus luteum

50
Q

What are the 3 estrogens?

A

1) estradiol (E2)
2) estrone (E1)
3) estriol (E3)

51
Q

How is estradiol transported?

A

SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin)

Endocrinology (16 decks)

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