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Endocrinology > Lecture 1: Basics > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Basics Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: classical endocrine glands are ductless?

A

True (secrete hormones directly into bloodstream or extracellular space)

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2
Q

What are the non-classical endocrine organs?

A

1) Brain (hypothalamus)
2) Kidney (renin, erythropoietin, vitamin D)
3) Heart (ANP, BNP)
4) Liver (IGF-1)
5) GI (serotonin, ghrelin)
6) Adipose tissue (leptin)

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3
Q

What is the largest upstream endocrine upregulator?

A

Hypothalamus

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4
Q

Definition of homeostasis

A

state of equilibrium/balance in the body with respect to various functions and to chemical compositions of fluids and tissues

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5
Q

What immune organ is responsible for integrating the many endocrine signals from the body?

A

thymus

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6
Q

What does the target cell response to hormone depend on?

A

the ratio of receptors present in the cell

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7
Q

What are some of the etiologies of endocrine disorders?

A

1) Congenital
2) Genetic
3) Trauma/stress
4) Surgical
5) Therapeutic
6) Tumors
7) Infections
8) Autoimmune
9) Environmental

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8
Q

What is an example of a congenital endocrine pathology?

A

Cretinism

iodine deficiency during development

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9
Q

What is an example of a genetic endocrine pathology?

A

MEN (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)

2-3 tumors in multiple endocrine glands (pituitary, parathyroid, entero-pancreatic)

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10
Q

What is an example of a genetic endocrine pathology?

A

MEN (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)

2-3 tumors in multiple endocrine glands (pituitary, parathyroid, entero-pancreatic)

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11
Q

Example of tumor induced endocrine pathology?

A

small lung cell carcinoma

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12
Q

Example of immunological endocrine pathology?

A

autoimmune (DMII)

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13
Q

Example of environmental endocrine pathology?

A

birth control

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14
Q

Example of trauma/stress induced endocrine pathology?

A

Sheehan’s Syndrome

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15
Q

Example of surgical endocrine pathology?

A

thyroid removal

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16
Q

Example of the therapeutic endocrine pathody?

A

glucocorticoid therapy (Crohn’s disease)

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17
Q

Define autocrine signaling

A

hormones secreted into the interstitial space acting back on the same cell

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18
Q

Define paracrine signaling

A

hormones secreted into the interstitial space acting at nearby cells

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19
Q

How are hormones transported in the blood?

A

Via hormone binding proteins (bind to hormones in the blood to facilitate transport)

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20
Q

What is the benefit of hormone binding proteins?

A

increases the half life of the hormone

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21
Q

What is more commonly bound to hormone binding proteins, steroid or peptide hormones?

A

steroid (lipophilic)

22
Q

In addition to steroid hormones, what other hormones use hormone binding proteins?

A

IGF-1
GH
T4/T3

23
Q

What are the 3 highly specific hormone binding proteins?

A

1) SHBG (Sex hormone binding globulin) - binds estrogen and testosterone
2) CBG (corticosteroid binding globulin) - binds cortisol/corticosterone
3) TBG (thyroxine binding globulin) and TTR (transthyretin) - binds thyroid hormone

24
Q

What is the only non specific hormone binding protein?

A

albumin (binds most lipophilic compounds in the blood)

Weak interaction

25
Q

What is the definition of bioavailable hormone?

A

unbound + albumin bound

26
Q

Is most hormone bound or unbound?

A

BOUND

27
Q

Do women or men have more SHBG bound hormone?

A

Women (70%. Men have 30-45%)

Men have more bioavailable testosterone

28
Q

Is bioavailable hormone free hormone?

A

No, only unbound protein is free

albumin bound is bioavailable

29
Q

What is the only non specific hormone binding protein? (also binds the most lipophilic compounds in the blood)

A

albumin (binds most lipophilic compounds in the blood)

Weak interaction

30
Q

Is bioavailable hormone free hormone?

A

No, only unbound protein is free

albumin bound is bioavailable

31
Q

What percentage of hormone is unbound in the blood?

A

0.5-3%

32
Q

How do steroid hormones cross the membrane?

A

undock from their carrier, diffuse across the membrane and finds intracellular targets

33
Q

How do steroid hormones cross the membrane in the conventional way?

A

undock from their carrier, diffuse across the membrane and finds intracellular targets

34
Q

What is the second, newer theory for how steroid hormones enter the cell?

A

bind to Megalin on the plasma membrane which then engulfs it into an endocytic vesicle

35
Q

How are hormone responses regulated?

A

autoregulation by ligand (quantity of ligand) or quantity of receptors (cell surface and intracellular)

36
Q

hormones bind receptors with ______ specificity and ______ affinity

A

HIGH and HIGH

37
Q

Define specificity in terms of hormones

A

ability to distinguish between similar substances

38
Q

Define affinity

A

Kd (ligand concentration that occupies 50% of binding sites)

39
Q

What is Ki?

A

ability to displace ligand at 50% max activity

40
Q

The smaller the Kd, the ___________ the affinity

A

HIGHER (need fewer hormones to saturate 50% of receptors)

41
Q

Which has greater affinity for receptor? hormones bound to specific or non-specific binding proteins?

A

SPECIFIC

42
Q

What is the difference between lipophobic and lipophilic receptors?

A

lipophobic: Cell surface
lipophilic: intracellular

43
Q

What are some examples of lipophobic receptors?

A

1) Ion channels
2) G protein coupled
3) Receptor tyrosine kinases
4) receptor kinases

44
Q

Which receptors have SLOW responses, lipophobic or lipophilic?

A

LIPOPHILIC –> requires transcriptional/translational events (can repress or activate)

45
Q

What is an example of lipophilic receptor?

A

thyroid hormone nuclear receptor

NOT bound to ligand = transcriptional repression

46
Q

Most proteins and peptide hormones bind what kind of receptor?

A

G protein coupled

47
Q

Which class of cell surface receptors do NOT have intrinsic catalytic activity?

A

RTKs

48
Q

What 3 hormones use RTKs?

A

1) Growth hormone
2) Prolactin
3) Erythropoietin

49
Q

What class of receptor do insulin and ANP use?

A

receptor kinases

50
Q

What are 4 things that affect hormone bioavailability?

A

1) Hormone transport
2) Target tissue
3) Hormone synthesis/release
4) Regulatory mechanisms

Endocrinology (16 decks)

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