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Endocrinology > Lecture 3: Hypothalamus-Pituitary Relationship > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Hypothalamus-Pituitary Relationship Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 important nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A

1) PVN (paraventricular nucleus)
2) POA (Preoptic nucleus)
3) ARC (arcuate nucleus)
4) SCN (superchiasmatic nucleus)
5) SON (supraoptic nucleus)

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2
Q

What are the 5 important nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A

1) PVN (paraventricular nucleus)
2) POA (Preoptic nucleus)
3) ARC (arcuate nucleus)
4) SCN (superchiasmatic nucleus)
5) SON (supraoptic nucleus)

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3
Q

What differentiates the different hypothalamic nuclei?

A

enzymes

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4
Q

True or false: the hypothalamus lies inside the blood brain barrier?

A

FALSE; the floor of the hypothalamus sits at the medial eminence (ME) which is outside the BBB and is the convergence point for axons

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5
Q

Which nucleus controls sleep?

A

SCN

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6
Q

Which nucleus controls feeding behavior/satiety?

A

ARC

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7
Q

Which nucleus controls thirst?

A

PVN

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8
Q

Which nucleus controls reproduction?

A

POA

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9
Q

Which nucleus controls mood/emotion/stress?

A

PVN/ARC

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10
Q

Which nucleus controls body temperature?

A

POA

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11
Q

Which nucleus controls blood pressure?

A

PVN

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12
Q

What 7 hormones are released from the hypothalamus?

A

1) GnRH
2) GnIH
3) CRH
4) TRH
5) GHRH
6) Somatostatin
7) Dopamine

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13
Q

Which nucleus releases GnRH?

A

POA

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14
Q

Which nucleus releases CRH and TRH?

A

PVN

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15
Q

Which nucleus releases GHRH and Dopamine?

A

arcuate nucleus

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16
Q

What is the pituitary target of dopamine?

A

lactotrope - prolactin

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17
Q

What is the pituitary target of GnRH/GnIH?

A

gonadotropes - FSH and LH

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18
Q

What is the pituitary target of CRH?

A

corticotrope - ACTH

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19
Q

What is the pituitary target of TRH?

A

thyrotrope - TSH

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20
Q

What is the pituitary target of GHRH and Somatostatin?

A

Somatotrope (GH)

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21
Q

What is the function of Somatostatin?

A

to INHIBIT GH

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22
Q

What is the function of Somatostatin?

A

to INHIBIT GH

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23
Q

Which hypothalamic hormones act via cAMP second messengers?

A

CRH, GHRG, Somatostatin (GHIH)

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24
Q

Which hypothalamic hormones act via IP3/DAG/PKC second messengers?

A

TRH, GnRH

25
Q

Which hypothalamic hormones act via IP3/DAG/PKC second messengers?

A

TRH, GnRH

26
Q

Describe neurons that release GnRH?

A

cell bodies in forebrain, axons in median eminence

very few of them; only 1500-2000

27
Q

How large is GnRH?

A

decapeptide (10aa)

28
Q

What is Kallman Syndrome?

A

rare genetic disease where GnRH neurons fail to enter the CNS. Characterized by anosmia and reproductive failure (these neurons originate in olfactory placode)

29
Q

What is Kallman Syndrome?

A

rare genetic disease where GnRH neurons fail to enter the CNS. Characterized by anosmia and reproductive failure (these neurons originate in olfactory placode)

30
Q

Where do GnRH neurons originate?

A

nose, have to migrate thru cribiform plate to get to brain

31
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

vascular connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary

discovered because when pituitaries were transplanted to other locations, they stopped secreting hormone

32
Q

What pattern is GnRH released in?

A

PULSATILE fashion throughout the day

pulsatility required for turnover of receptors

33
Q

How is LH pulsatility fashioned after GnRH?

A

occurs slightly after GnRH burst

34
Q

What 2 hormones does GnRH stimulate release of from the pituitary?

A

LH and FSH

35
Q

What subunit remains the same across TSH, FSH, LH, hCG? What changes?

A

alpha stays the same

beta changes

36
Q

What determines whether FSH or LH is released from pituitary in response to GnRH?

A

pulse frequency

more pulses –> more LH
(fewer pulses –> more FSH)

37
Q

Which GnRH stimulated intracellular pathway stimulates hormone release? synthesis?

A

IP3/Ca++ –> hormone release

DAG/PKC –> hormone synthesis

38
Q

What are the 2 major pathways of hypothalamic-pituitary connection?

A

1) tuberoinfundibular system

2) neurohypophysial tract

39
Q

What is the tuberoinfundibular system?

A

all neurons that send axonal projections to the median eminence. Hormones target the anterior pituitary thru the capillary system

40
Q

What is the neurohypophysial tract?

A

all neurons whose axons terminate in posterior pituitary (cell bodies still in hypothalamus)

41
Q

The pituitary gland sits in what bony structure in the brain?

A

sella turcica

42
Q

The pituitary gland sits in what bony structure in the brain?

A

sella turcica

43
Q

What are the 3 parts of the anterior pituitary?

A

1) Pars distalis
2) Pars tuberalis
3) Pars intermedia

44
Q

What are the 2 parts of the posterior pituitary?

A

1) Pars nervosa

2) Infundibulum (stalk)

45
Q

What are the 2 parts of the posterior pituitary?

A

1) Pars nervosa

2) Infundibulum (stalk)

46
Q

Which half of the pituitary is derived from from neural tissue? Which half is more glandular?

A

Posterior (neurohypophysis) - neural tissue

Anterior (adenohypophysis) - glandular

47
Q

Which half of the pituitary is referred to as the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior (A and A)

glandular - cords of epithelial cells

48
Q

Which half of the pituitary is referred to as the neurohypophysis?

A

Posterior

neural - terminal axons and glial cells

49
Q

What is the major blood supply in the posterior pituitary?

A

inferior hypophysial artery (NOT part of portal system)

50
Q

What are the 2 hormones produced by the posterior pituitary?

A

AVP and oxytocin

51
Q

What are magnocellular neurons and where are they?

A

cell bodies in hypothalamus; axons extend into the posterior pituitary

52
Q

What kind of capillaries are found in the posterior pituitary?

A

fenestrated (axons terminate near them)

53
Q

What are herring bodies and where are they found?

A

dilations of unmyelinated axons near terminals. They are found in the posterior pituitary right near the capillaries

54
Q

What do Herring bodies contain?

A

AVP or oxytocin plus binding protein, neurophysin

55
Q

Where is the median eminence and why is it important?

A

floor of the 3rd ventricle, outside of the BBB. It is the interface for all hypophysiotrophic hormones

56
Q

What are the 5 major anterior pituitary cell types?

A

1) Somatotrophs (GH)
2) Lactotrophs (prolactin)
3) Corticotrophs (ACTH)
4) Gonadotrophs (LH/FSH)
5) Thyrotrophs (TSH)

57
Q

What two anterior pituitary cell types are classified as acidophils? (also the most abundant in the anterior pituitary? 40%)

A

1) somatotrophs (GH)

2) lactotrophs (prolactin)

58
Q

What 3 anterior pituitary cell types are classified as basophils? 10%

A

1) corticotrophs (ACTH)
2) gonadotrophs (LH/FSH)
3) thyrotrophs (TSH)

59
Q

What makes up the remaining 50% of ant. pit. mass?

A

Chromophobes (responsible for paracrine actions)

Endocrinology (16 decks)

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