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Endocrine Pathophys > Reproductive Hormones > Flashcards

Reproductive Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

The Y chromosome secretes

A

SRY antigen

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2
Q

What does SRY antigen stimulate

A

Stimulates undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes

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3
Q

Testosterones role in male fetus

A

Stimulates Wolffian Duct to develop into epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle

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4
Q

Sertoli cells of the testes release

A

MIH (Mullerian-inhibiting hormone)

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5
Q

What does MIH do in a male fetus?

A

Inhibits Mullerian duct from developing into female genitalia

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6
Q

In a male fetus, prostate tissue converts testosterone into?

A

DHT

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7
Q

What does DHT stimulate in a male fetus?

A

Stimulates development of scrotum, penis, and prostate gland

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8
Q

What happens if SRY antigen is not present?

A

The undifferentiated gonad develops into ovaries
No MIH or testosterone is produced

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9
Q

If testosterone is not present what happens in the female fetus?

A

Wolffian duct will not develop

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10
Q

If MIH is not released what happens to the Mullerian duct?

A

Develops into fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina

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11
Q

Function of the testes

A

Primary male sex organs
Production of sperm
Production of testosterone

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12
Q

What two hormones are needed from spermatogenesis?

A

FSH and testosterone

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13
Q

Where is testosterone synthesized?

A

Interstitial Cells of Leydig

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14
Q

What are the anabolic effects of testosterone?

A

Spermatogenesis
Bone and muscle growth

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15
Q

What are the androgenic effects of testosterone?

A

Development and maintenance of male accessory sex organs
Differentiation of male reproductive tract
Development of secondary sex characteristics
Libido, potency

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16
Q

What happens to testosterone in males are they age? How is this different than estrogen in women?

A

Slow, constant loss of testosterone over lifespan
Women have significant loss of estrogen after menopause and then it becomes a slow, constant loss

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17
Q

What is the signaling pathway to testosterone’s release?

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
LH stimulates testosterone synthesis and secretion from Leydig cells

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18
Q

FSH stimulates ______________ via the __________ cells of the testes

A

Spermatogenesis
Sertoli Cells

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19
Q

Sertoli cells release _________ which inhibits ________

A

Inhibin
FSH

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20
Q

At puberty, the hypothalamus increases/decreases GnHR release

A

Increases

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21
Q

Increase of GnHR release at puberty causes?

A

Anterior pituitary gland to release more FSH and LH

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22
Q

If atrophy of the testes occurs during puberty what happens?

A

Secondary sex characteristics fail to develop

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23
Q

If atrophy of the testes occurs after puberty what happens?

A

Infertility
Decreased libido, sex drive
Secondary sex characteristics reverse

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24
Q

What can cause testicular atrophy? What else can they cause?

A

Anabolic steroids
Can also cause sterility

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25
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Primary female sex organs
Oogenesis (production of ova)
Synthesize and secrete androgens, estrogens, progesterone

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26
Q

What are the two cell types of the follicles?

A

Theca cells
Granulosa

27
Q

What is the function of the follicles?

A

Synthesize and produce androgens and estrogen

28
Q

LH stimulates what in the female reproductive system?

A

Stimulates theca cells to produce androgens

29
Q

FSH stimulates _____________ in the ____________ cells to convert ______________ into estrogen

A

Aromatase
Granulosa cells
Androgens

30
Q

Estrogen is released from ____________ cells and diffuse into the bloodstream or are stored in the _____________ fluid

A

Granulosa cells
Follicular

31
Q

____________ deficiency can cause infertility

A

Aromatase

32
Q

Some breast cancers are ___________ sensitive meaning estrogen stimulates cancer growth

A

Estrogen

33
Q

Treatment of estrogen sensitive cancer may include ___________ inhibitors to inhibit the cancer’s growth

A

Aromatase

34
Q

Aromatase inhibitors as treatment for breast cancer is recommended for post-menopausal no pre-menupausal because?

A

Low estrogen stimulates the pituitary gland to increase LH and stimulate the ovaries to produce more androgens

35
Q

How does estrogen affect the menstrual cycle?

A

Accelerates the maturation of the ovarian follicles
Thickens endometrium
Increases uterus contractions
Prepares mucous plug of cervix

36
Q

How does estrogen affect fertilization?

A

Prepares sperm to penetrate and fertilize the ovum
Regulates the speed that the ovum travels down the fallopian tube

37
Q

How does estrogen affect female puberty?

A

Regulates development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
(narrow shoulders, wide pelvis, wide carrying angle)
Breasts, axillary/pubic hair

38
Q

How does estrogen affect bone metabolism?

A

Accelerates epiphyseal plate closure
Positive effect on bone density
Increases calcium retention and osteoblast activity

39
Q

How does estrogen affect blood chemistry?

A

increases HDLs, decreases LDLs
Increases coagulation
Increases sodium/water retention

40
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

Prepare female genitalia for implantation and maturation of fertilized ovum
Maintain pregnancy

41
Q

What is the target tissue of progesterone?

A

Uterus

42
Q

How does progesterone affect the body?

A

Stimulates growth of uterine muscle
Increases blood supply to endometrium
Decreases uterine muscle activity
Increases basal body temperature

43
Q

What do high levels of progesterone cause?

A

Anesthetic effect on CNS
Increases risk of epileptic episodes
Increases basal body temperature

44
Q

What does a decrease in progesterone cause?

A

Observed postpartum and luteal phase
Plays role for postpartum depression and PMS

45
Q

Follicular Phase of menstruation occurs when?

A

Days 1-14

46
Q

Early follicular phase

A

FSH stimulates many follicles to mature and produce estrogen

47
Q

Mid-follicular phase

A

A dominant follicle emerges and prepares egg to be released for fertilization
Apoptosis of all other non-dominant follicles

48
Q

Late-follicular phase

A

Estrogen positive feedback cycle occurs
Peak levels of estrogen stimulates surge of LH

49
Q

What day does ovulation occur on?

A

Day 14

50
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

Surge of LH stimulates release of egg
Follicle becomes corpus luteum

51
Q

Luteal Phase of menstruation occurs when?

A

Days 14-28

52
Q

Early luteal phase

A

Corpus lutem secretes increasing amount of estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin
Optimize conditions for fertilization

53
Q

Late luteal phase if fertilization occurs

A

Fertilized eggs implants into uterus
Corpus luteum secretes hormones to maintain pregnancy until placenta takes over
Inhibin inhibits new cycle from starting

54
Q

Late luteal phase if fertilization does not occur

A

Corpus luteum stops secreting hormones
Drop in hormones stimulates new cycle

55
Q

Hormone levels during Follicular Phase

A

LH: remains baseline, spikes to signal ovulation
FSH: gradually increases to promote follicle maturation, small peak at ovulation
Estrogen: Peaks just before LH peaks
Progesterone: remains baseline

56
Q

Hormones levels during Luteal Phase

A

LH: immediately drops, remains baseline
FHS: immediately drops, remains baseline
Estrogen: quick drop at day 14, starts to increase again (slower/lesser extent)
Progesterone: Begins to increase

57
Q

Hormone levels during Luteal Phase if no fertilization occurs

A

Estrogen and progesterone levels drop

58
Q

If fertilization occurs ______ is secreted by the implanted fertilized egg

A

hCG

59
Q

hCG stimulates?

A

Corpus luteum to continue producing estrogen and progesterone

60
Q

hCG injection can be used during the luteal phase to?

A

Promote pregnancy

61
Q

When does menopause occur?

A

Ages 45-55

62
Q

What happens during menopause?

A

Ovarian tissue gradually ceases to respond to FSH and LH

63
Q

Decreased estrogen and progesterone during menopause cause?

A

Atrophy of breast tissue
Thinning of hair
Atrophy of accessory sex organs
Regression of secondary sex characteristics

64
Q

What risks increase during menopause due to rapid loss of estrogen?

A

Increased risk of osteoporosis
Increased cardiovascular risk

Endocrine Pathophys (12 decks)

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