Diabetes Flashcards
Diabetes Mellitus vs Insipidus
Mellitus = “sugar diabets”
High blood glucose and glucose in urine
Insipidus = “water diabetes”
Normal blood glucose, no glucose in urine
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperglycemia due to too little insulin
Autoimmune disorder (antibodies attack beta cells)
Commonly in childhood
TX: insulin
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperglycemia due to issue with receptors
(downregulated or faulty receptors)
More commonly adulthood
TX: lifestyle changes, metformin, insulin, sulfonylureas, glitazones
What are risk factors for T2DM?
Hereditary, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity
What is the normal range of a fasting blood glucose test?
70-100 mg/dl
What is the DX criteria for diabetes for a fasting blood glucose test?
Two tests of >125 mg/dl
What does an A1c test measure?
% of Hb that is glycated (glucose bound to Hb)
What is the normal range for A1c values
< 5.7%
What is the A1c finding for someone with Diabetes?
≥ 6.5%
A1c correlates with?
Estimate of the average blood glucose level over the past 3 mos
An A1c of 6% correlates with what blood glucose level?
126 mg/dl
An A1c of 7% correlates with what blood glucose level?
154 mg/dl
At what blood glucose range does “glucose dumping” begin to occur?
180-200 mg/dl
An equal and linear increase of glucose in the urine is found at what blood glucose value?
> 350 mg/dl
Total glucose reabsorption means what? What range of blood glucose does this occur at?
No glucose found in urine
< 180 mg/dl
What causes hyperlipidemia?
Inhibition of insulin promotes lipolysis in adipose
What does hyperlipidemia cause?
Increase of FFAs and glycerol which stimulates VLDL production
What is a risk of hyperlipidemia?
Increased risk of artherosclerosis
Ketones are?
Acids
What can an increased level of ketones cause?
Metabolic acidosis
What is ketoacidosis?
Increased level of ketones but decreased blood pH
What is the characteristic triad of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Hyperglycemia, ketosis/ketouria, acidosis
What type of DM is diabetic ketoacidosis more commonly associated with?
Type 1 DM
How does insufficient insulin affect the muscles?
Catabolic affect
Promotes proteolysis
Muscles wasting, fatigue, weight loss
What is insulin shock?
Severe hypoglycemia
What can cause insulin shock?
Poor glucose management
Excessive insulin admin
Increased physical activity
What are S/S of insulin shock?
Hunger, sweating, diabetic coma, seizures, drowsy
How is insulin shock treated?
Admin glucose
