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Endocrine Pathophys > Pancreas > Flashcards

Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Secretes digestive enzymes into the GI tract

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2
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Secretes glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and amylin

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3
Q

Endocrine cells of the pancreas are located in?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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4
Q

Alpha cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

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5
Q

Beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin and amylin

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6
Q

Delta cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

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7
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

Increase blood glucose levels
Prevent hypoglycemia

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8
Q

What is glucagon’s target tissue?

A

Liver and adipose tissue

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9
Q

Glucagon stimulates the liver to do what?

A

Produce more glucose via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

What else does glucagon stimulate the liver to produce?

A

Ketones

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11
Q

What are ketones?

A

Alternate fuel source that frees up glucose to maintain high blood glucose levels

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12
Q

What does Glucagon stimulate in adipose tissue?

A

Lipolysis

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13
Q

What does lipolysis of the adipose tissue produce and what are they used for?

A

Glycogen = used for glycolysis
Free Fatty Acids = ketogenesis

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14
Q

What stimulates glucagon?

A

Hypoglycemia/Catabolic scenarios (epinephrine/exercise, parasympathetic responses, also stress/fasting)

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15
Q

What inhibits glucagon?

A

Hyperglycemia
Somatostatin
Amylin

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16
Q

Amylin is secreted by the ___________ with ____________ during ____________

A

pancreas; insulin; eating

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17
Q

What is the function of amylin?

A

Manage glucose levels during eating

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18
Q

How does amylin work?

A

Sends feeling of “fullness” to brain
Inhibits glucagon/decreases blood glucose
Slows metabolism

19
Q

What is amylin’s target tissue?

A

Pancreas and CNS

20
Q

What parts of the CNS does amylin stimulate and what are the effects?

A

Hypothalamus - decrease appetite
Brainstem - inhibits metabolism in GI tract

21
Q

What stimulates Amylin?

A

Eating/hyperglycemia

22
Q

What are incretins secreted by?

A

Gut/intestines

23
Q

What are two types of incretins?

A

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)

24
Q

What is the function of incretins?

A

Inhibit glucagon, stimulate insulin

25
Q

What stimulate incretins?

A

Eating

26
Q

What is the “incretin effect”?

A

There is a higher/larger insulin response to oral eating as opposed to IV admin glucose

27
Q

What is the target tissue of GLP-1?

A

CNS and Pancreas

28
Q

What does GLP-1 stimulate in the pancreas?

A

Inhibition of glucagon, stimulation of insulin

29
Q

What does GLP-1 stimulate in the CNS?

A

Sense of fullness, decreased appetite

30
Q

What is the target tissue of GIP?

A

Pancreas

31
Q

What does GIP stimulate in the pancreas?

A

Stimulates both insulin and glucagon release

32
Q

How are incretins affected in Type 2 DM? (GLP-1 and GIP)

A

Inhibited/ effect is diminished or no longer present
GLP-1 is inhibited
GIP favors glucagon release

33
Q

How is T2DM treated? (in respect to incretins)

A

GLP-1 agonists, inhibit glucagon and stimulate insulin release

34
Q

What are the functions of insulin?

A

Decrease blood glucose
Prevent hyperglycemia
Plasma potassium homeostasis
Anabolic role

35
Q

What is insulin’s target tissue?

A

Liver
Muscle
Adipose tissue

36
Q

How does insulin affect the liver?

A

Promotes glucose storage (glycogenesis)
Inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycolysis
Inhibits ketogenesis

37
Q

How does insulin affect muscle tissue?

A

Stimulates glucose uptake and glycolysis
Promotes protein synthesis by stimulating amino acid uptake and inhibiting proteolysis

38
Q

How does insulin affect adipose tissue?

A

Inhibits lipolysis
Promotes FFA and glucose uptake = glucose storage

39
Q

What stimulates insulin?

A

Hyperglycemia
Ketoacids, glucagon, AAs, digestive enzymes
Parasympathetic stimulation

40
Q

What inhibits insulin?

A

Hypoglycemia
Somatostatin
Epinephrine, norepinephrine

41
Q

How does insulin affect plasma potassium homeostasis?

A

Insulin promotes intake of potassium into cells
Potassium leaves bloodstream (lowers blood K levels)

42
Q

What is hyperkalemia? How is it treated?

A

High plasma potassium
PX may be given insulin to lower blood K

43
Q

What is hypokalemia? What is important to know about it in regards to insulin?

A

Low plasma potassium levels
Giving a PX w/ hypokalemia insulin may be fatal

Endocrine Pathophys (12 decks)

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