Endocrine System

Question 1

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Regulate homeostasis
Control storage and usage of energy substrates
Regulation of growth, development, and reproduction
Regulate body’s response to environmental stimuli

Question 2

What are the two broad circumstances that can cause endocrine dysfunction?

Answer 2

Too much/little hormones
Too many/little receptors

Question 3

What is a hormone receptor antagonist?

Answer 3

Compete with hormones, bind to receptors and block hormone from binding which inhibits the biologic effect

Question 4

What is a hormone receptor agonist?

Answer 4

Bind to receptor and stimulate a similar response to the original hormone

Question 5

What is an example of a hormone receptor antagonist?

Answer 5

Naloxone (narcan) and ARBs

Question 6

What is an example of a hormone receptor agonist?

Answer 6

Methadone and buprenorphine

Question 7

What are the 5 broad classes of hormones?

Answer 7

Peptide
Modified amino acids
Steroids
Eicosanoids
Cytokines

Question 8

What are examples of peptide hormones?

Answer 8

ADH, oxytocin
GH, prolactin
Insulin, glucagon
angio II

Question 9

What are examples of modified amino acid hormones?

Answer 9

Thyroid hormones (T3/T4)
Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 10

What are examples of steroid hormones?

Answer 10

Sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
Corticoids (cortisol, aldosterone)

Question 11

What are examples of eicosanoids?

Answer 11

Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

Question 12

What are examples of cytokines?

Answer 12

Interleukins, interferons, TNF

Question 13

What is a lipophilic hormone?

Answer 13

Non-polar, not very soluble in water
Require a transport protein (albumin)

Question 14

What are examples of lipophilic hormones?

Answer 14

Sex hormones, steroids, thyroid hormones

Question 15

What is a hydrophilic hormone?

Answer 15

Polar, easily dissolvable in water
Don’t require transport protein
Majority of hormones

Question 16

What are examples of hydrophilic proteins?

Answer 16

ADH, oxytocin
GH, prolactin
insulin, glucagon,
epinephrine, norepinephrine
angio II

Question 17

Where are most carrier proteins produced?

Answer 17

Liver

Question 18

How does liver pathology affect the endocrine system?

Answer 18

Since most carrier proteins are produced in the liver, liver pathology can seriously impact the endocrine system

Question 19

What is autocrine signaling?

Answer 19

Hormone exerts its effect on the same cell it is produced from

Question 20

What is paracrine signaling?

Answer 20

Hormone exerts its effect on nearby/neighboring cell

Question 20

What is autocrine signaling?

Answer 20

Hormone exerts its effect on the same cell it is produced from

Question 21

What is endocrine signaling?

Answer 21

Hormone travels through bloodstream to another distant cell to exert its effect

Question 22

How does hydrophilic signaling work?

Answer 22

Hydrophilic hormones can’t cross phospholipid bilayer, require secondary messenger to produce its biologic effect

Question 23

How does lipophilic signaling work?

Answer 23

Lipophilic hormones can pass easily through the cell membrane
Bind to intracellular receptor to exert biologic effect

Question 24

Hormone receptors are ____________ and not a ___________________

Answer 24

expressed; fixed quantity

Question 25

Hormone receptors have _________________

Answer 25

Continuous receptor turnover

Question 26

Increased sensitivity

Answer 26

Upregulation
Response to “too little hormone”
Increase number of receptors and efficiency of receptors

Question 27

Decreased sensitivity

Answer 27

Downregulation
Response to “too much hormone”
Decrease number of receptors and efficiency

Question 28

What stimulates increases sensitivity/upregulation?

Answer 28

Too little hormone
Exercise

Question 29

What stimulates decreased sensitivity/downregulation?

Answer 29

Too much hormone
Sedentary lifestyle
Obesity