Reproductive Health Flashcards
According to ____, reproductive health refers to total well being in all aspects of reproduction
WHO
What are all the aspects of reproduction
Physical
Behavioral
Emotional
Social
India is the first country of the world to start ____
Family planning programme
Family planning programme started in _____ year
1951
In _____ year, family planning programme became family ____ programme
1977
Welfare
In 1997 , _____ healthcare programme started
Reproductive and child healthcare
Study of population is called
Demography
According to 2001 census,
India’s growth rate is ____
1.7%
Growth rate of India is less than ____
2%
Our population increases rapidly due to (4)
Rapid decline in death rate
Maternal mortality rate decreased
Infant mortality rate decreased
Increase in number of reproductively active population
Contraception is aka
Birthcontrol
What is contraception
Technique thru which unwanted birth can be prevented without affecting reproductive health of individual
Ideal contraceptives should have following properties (6)
User friendly
Easily available
Highly effective
Reversible
Least or no side effect
Do not change sex desire or sexual act
____ method of contraception does not require any device or medicine
Natural method
Natural method of contraception includes 3 methods namely
Rhythm method
Withdrawal method
Lactational amenorrhoea
Rhythm method is aka(3)
Periodic abstinence
Calendar method
Safe period
In rhythm method, sex is avoided from __-__ day of menstural cycle because
10th to 17th day
During this period ovulation May occur
At the time of ovulation, ___ releases from ____
Thin mucus
Cervix
If we take the thin mucus releases during ovulation in between our fingers, then wires are formed… through this, a test can be performed known as
Spinnbarkeit test
World population was ? In 1850
1 billion
In ____ world population was 2 billion
1900
In 2000, the world population was
6 billion
At the time of independence, India’s population was
350 million
In May 2000, population of India was ?
1 billion
Meaning every 1 in 6 people on earth was Indian
In 2010, population of India was
1.23 billion
In ____ year, population of India was 1.25 billion
2011
What happens in withdrawal method of contraception
Male withdraws penis from vagina before ejaculation
Failure rate is v. High in withdrawal method of contraception because
Pre mature ejaculation of sperm May occur
What is lactational amenorrhoea
During intense lactation, prolactin in high so it gives negative feedback to FSH and LH so ovulation stops so follicles aren’t formed
Lactational amenorrhoea is valid up to _____ months after parturition
6
In Barriar method of contraception, meeting of sperm and ova is don’t by using (5)
Male condoms
Female condoms
Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Vault cap
Male and female condom are made of
Latex or rubber
How many rings does male condom have
1
How many rings does female condom have
2 (1 closed and 1 open)
Closed ring goes up the vagina
What is diaphragm
Tubular rubber sheath, covers inner surface of vagina
What is cervical cap
Rubber nipple like structure which is fitted over cervix
What is vault
Hemispherical or dome shaped structure which covers the cervix
Government condom
Nirodh
In chemical method of contraception, what do chemicals do
destroy plasma membrane of sperm and inhibit O2 uptake
Name 2 vaginal foam and tablets
Today
Chlormin T/ contab
Sponge tablet example
Nonoxynol 9
Jelly or cream examples
Dip as (Nim 76)
Delfen
Perceptin/ volpar paste
Name some chemicals which are used as spermicides
ZnSO4
KMnO4
Lactic acid
Boric acid
Citric acid
IUD full form
Intra uterine device
IucD full form
Intrauterine contraceptive device
___ is an ideal contraceptive for females to delay preganancy and space between children
Intra uterine device
What do all IuDs do
Increase phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus
Name the 3 types of IuDs
Non medicated or inert
Copper releasing or Cu-T
Hormone releasing IUD
Non medicated IuD example
Lippes loop
lippes loop is made of
plastic +BaSo4
STEEL+BASO4
NON MEDICATED iUdS SHOW _____ WITHIN UTERUS
phagocytosis of sperm
name 3 copper releasing IuDs
cu-t
cu-7
multiload 375
what do copper releasing IuDs do?
release Cu which suppresses sperm motility, so, fertilisation capacity of sperm decreases
name 2 hormone releasing IuDs
LNG(levongestral) 20
progestasert
what do hoprmone releasing IuDs do?
make uterus unsuitable for implantation and also makes cervix hostile for sperm
what is the principle of oral pills
oral pills increase progesterone and oestrogen level in females, so FSH and LH decrease so no Graafian follicle so no ovulation
name the 3 actions of oral pills
prevent implantation
makes cervical mucus thick
motility of sperm decreases
if oral pill contqains only progesterone, it is called
micropill or minipill
if oral pill contains both progesterone and estrogen it is called
combined pill
oral pills shd be taken from __ day of mensturation taken till __ day
first day to 28th day
wrt oral pills, ___ days are pill free days
7 days
if a female forgets to take oral pills, what can she do
she can take 2 pills on the next day
synthetic progesterone is called
nor ethisterone acetate
synthetic oestrogen is called
ethynyl estrdiol
name a monthly oral pill
quinesterol
name the 2 govewrnment daily oral pills
mala n
mala d
____ is the new oral pill developed by ____ (in ___)
saheli
CDRI (central drug research institute)
lucknow ,up
saheli is a ___,___ pill
non steroidal and non hormonal pill
saheli contains __ chemical
centchroman
centchroman acts as
acts as estrogen modulator
saheli is taken ____ (time)
taken once a week
saheli is anti ___
estrogenic
saheli doesnt effect ____
ovulation
____ is a male contraceptive pill
Gossypol
gossypol is present in ___
cotton seed
color of gossypol
yellow
why is gossipol BANNED
it inhibits spermaatiogenesis and may cause permanent azzospermia
in july 2000, china made progesterone pills for male, 1st time in the world
:)
in injectable contraceptives , progesterone and estrogen containing injections are given ___
intramuscularly
3 examples of injectable contraceptives
DMPA
depo provera
lunelle
___ are hormone containg v.small rod like structures mad of ___
implants
silicon
implants conmtain ____ and ___ hormone
estrogen and progesteronme
implants provide ___ term contraception and duration?>
long term
3 to 5 years
where are implants implanted
under the skin of upper arm
implants can be divided into (2)
nor plants and implanon
in norplant ___ rods are implanted
6 rods are implanted in norplant
____ rods are implanted in implanon
1 rod
noplants works till
___ years
5 years
implanon works upto — years
3 years contraception
______are treatments of unprotected sex
sexual assault, missed pills etc
emergency contraceptives
emergency contraceptives are aka
morning after pills
the mechanism of emergency contraceptives is same as that of oral pills, but _____ is given
higher dose
what is the principle of oral pills
oral pills increase progesterone and oestrogen level in females, so FSH and LH decrease so no Graafian follicle so no ovulation
3 examples of emergency contraceptives
N oral
Ovidon
i pill
surgical method of contraception is aka
terminal method
sterilisation
if both vas deferens cut and tied it is called
vasectomy
if both fallopian tube cut and tied is is known as
tubectomy
after tubectomy secondary oocyte doesn’t reach fertilisation site
:)
after vasectomy sperm count is not zero becausse
some sperms have already reached the seminal vesicles
effect on mensturation after 3tubectomy
no effect on mensturatrion
sterilisation is highly effective
:))
if female takes Mifepristone or Ru468 or french drug what happens
if mifepristone is given to pregnant fenlae, her progesterone level suddenly declines and abortion may occur
what is medical termination of pregnancy
intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full form foetus is formed (LEGALLY)
around _____ MTPs are performed worldwide per year
40-50 milliion
about ___ of the total pregnanciesa re medically terminated
1/5th
mtp act in india was est in
1971`
mtp is safe upto ___ weeks of pregnacy aka ___
12 weeks’
1st trimester
medical termination of pregnancy is risky in 2nd trimester
:))
medical termination of pregnancy is legal upto
20 weeks
in which years ammendment of mtp act was made
2017
2021
in 2021 amendment of mtp act, what happend
limit of 20 weeks extended
misuse of mtp
female foeticide
name 5 side effects of contracenptives
nausea abdominal discomfert increased chance of breast cancer irregular menstural cycle bleeding increases during menstural cycle
insertion of IuDs within 72 hours of unprotected ssex acts as
an emergeny contraceptoive
female condomes are aka
femidom
vaginal pouch
___ age group are most commonly affected by STDs
15-24 years
STDs are aka
veneral disease (frm venus or god of love) or reproductive tract infections (RTI)
genital hepres, AIDs and hepatitis B are curable or uncurable
uncurable
name 4 early symptoms of STDs
itching
fluid discharge
slight pain
swelling
name 6 complications of STDs
pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) abortion ]still borth (dead child is born) ectopic pregnancy infertility cancer of genital organs
STDs can be prevented by (3)
avoid sex with unknown or multiple partners
always use condoms during coitus
in case of any doubt go to a qualified doctor and get proper treatment
which is the most common STD
chlamydiasis
chlamydiasis is caused by bacteria _____
chlamydia trachomatis
chlamydiasis can pass from mom to infant
:)
test of chlamydiasis can be done by
culture method or gram staining
2 antibiotics that can be taken to prevent chlamydiasis
tetracycline
doxycycline
gonorrhoes is aka
clap disease (as both female and male have to meet)
gonorrhoea is caused by ___ bacteria
neisseria gonorrhoea
gonorrhoea can pass from mother to baby
:))
_____ is used to prevent eye infection in infants due to gonorrhoea
1% AgNO3 solution
___ is used to detect gonorrhoea
culture method
3 antibiotics for gonorrhoea
penicillin, tetracycline, ceftriaxone
syphilis is caused by ___ bacteria
treponema pallidum
latent perid of syphilis
20 years
latent period of AIDS
5 years
in syphilis if nervous system is affected it is called
neurosyphilis
syphilis has ___ stages
3 stagees
what is seen in primary syphilis
painless open sore with hard base
what happens in secondary syphilis
fever, joint pain ,skin rash
what happens in tertiary syphilis
organs are degenrated
what is the test of syphilis
VDRL test (Veneral Disease research lab)
antibiotic for syphilis
penicillin
is there any cure for genital herpes
no
genital herpes is caused by
herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2)
what happens in genital herpes
blisters on genital organs that appear and dissapear
name 2 tests ffor genital herpes
PCR(polymerase chain rxn)
antigen detection
2 antibiotics that can be taken for genital herpes
acylovir
zovirax
mouth ulser is caused by
HSV 1 (herpes simplex virus 1)
chanchoroid is caused by
haemophilis ducreyi bascteria
haemophilis ducreyi is which type of bacteria
gram negative bacteria
what symptoms can be noticed in chanchoroid?
painful soft ulcers with necrotic base
necrosis:Death of cells or tissue through disease or injury.
what is the test of chancoroid
culture test
what medicene is gioven in chanchoroid
azithromycine
ceftriaxone
genital warts are caused by ____
human papiloma virus (HPV)
what happens in genital worts?
soft, moist, pink , cauliflower like growth on genital organs
genital warts may cause __
cancer
test for genital wort
antibody detection
PCR
3 treatments of genital worts?
alpha interferon (anti viral particles)
podophyllin (medicene)
cryotherapy (put liq.N2 on wart)
trichomoniasis is aka
leucorrhoea
trichomoniasis is caused by
trichomonas vaginalis (protozoa)
trichomoniasis causes ___ in vagina and _____
inflammation in vagina
yellow color discharge from vagina
test for trichomoniasis
culture test
which antibotics are given for trichomoniasis
metronidazole
tinidazole
if a couple show regular unprotected sex and female does not get preg. within one to two years it is known as
infertility
permanent infertililty is called
sterility
infertility is of ____ types
two
what is primary infertilitry
female never concieves (prg.) prviously
what isw secondary infertility
female was previously pregnant, but presently cant get preg.
read the 10 reasons for infertility in male frm nb
and 7 for female too
ART full form
assisted reproductive techniques (used to treat infertility)
name the two methods of assisted reproductive techniques
in vitro (fertilisation occur outside the female body)
in vivo ( fertilisation occurs inside the female body)
name the 3 methods of in vitro fertilisation
ZIFT (zygote intra fallopian tube transfer)
IuT (intra uterine transfer)
ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)
name the tree methods of in vivo fertilisation
GIFT (gamete intra fallopian tube transfer)
AI (artificial insemination)
IUI (intra uterine insemination)
what happens in ZIFT
first zygote is formed in the lab
zygote or embryo upto 8 celled stage transfer into fallopian tube of female
(zift:zygote intrafallopian transfer)
what happens in IuT
zygote formed in lab
embryo more than 8 celled stage implamted into uterus of female (iut: intra uterine transefer)
what happens in ICSI
sperm is directly injected into cytoplasm of ova
intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
what is GIFT
sperm and ova directly injected into fallopian tube
gamete intra fallopian tube transfer
what is AI
semen in injected into vagina
(artificial insemination)’
(semen stored in sperm bank and then semen transferrred to vagina)
what is IUI
semen directly injected into uterus
intra uterine insemination
worlds first test tube baby name ____, DOB ____, place OB:
Louise joy brown
25 july 1978
england
India’s first test tube babyy
kumari harsha (aka durga)
sperms are kept in sperm bank by _____ at ____ temp
cryopreservation
-196 C liquid nitrogen medium
_____ is used to detect genetic/metabolic disorder or sex determination with the help of cellular analysis
amniocentesis
in amniocentesis, amniotic fluid from _____ week foetus is taken which contains cells of foetus
14 to 15 weeks
misuse of amniocentisis
female foeticide
