Human Reproduction Flashcards
Define primary sex organs
Those organs which secrete hormones and also form gametes
Name the 2 primary sex organs
Testes
Ovary
What are secondary sex organs
These organs help in reproductive processes but do not produce hormones and gametes
Name the 4 secondary sex organs in males
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Penis
Vas’s deferentia
Name the 4 secondary sex organs in female
Oviduct
Uterus
Vagina
Clitoris
What is puberty
Period when reproductive organs start working or functioning
Puberty age in male
12-14 years
Puberty age in females
10-12 years
What are the 8 secondary sexual characteristics in males
Hairs around genital organs Basal metabolic rate increase Hair growth on face and chest Broad shoulders Narrow hip Mammary glands undeveloped Abdominal breathing Prominent larynx
What is BMR
Basal metabolic rate (minimum energy required for survival)
8 secondary sexual characteristics in females
Hair around genital organs BMR less Hair growth on face and chest does not happen normally Narrow shoulder Broad hip (due to uterus) Developed mammary glands Thoracic breathing Not prominent larynx
Male reproductive system is located in which region
Pelvis
Name the 3 accessory glands in males
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Cowper gland
Write the path of sperm
Testes Epididymis Vas deferens ejaculatory duct Urethra Urethral orifice or meatus
Is seminal vesicle paired or unpaired
Paired
Name the 3 covers of testes
Tunica vaginalis
Rubicam albugenia
Tunica vasculosa
Outer cover of testes is called ; and give feature
Tunica vaginalis
Incomplete layer due to epididymis
Middle cover of testes is called ; and describe it.
Tunica albugenia
Thick cover made of white fibrous connective tissue
Inner cover of testes is called ; and describe it.
Tunica vasculosa
Thin layer with rich blood supply
Path of duct system in testes
Seminiferous tubules
Tubuli recti
Rete testes
Vasa efferentia
Duct of epididymis
Vasa deferentia
What is included in intratesticular duct system
Seminiferous tubule
Tubuli recti
Rate testes
Name the components of extra testicular duct system
Duct of epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Germ cells (cells which form sperms) in males are aka
Spermatogonia
2 other names of Nurse cells
Sertoli cells
Sustentaculus cells
Interstitial cells or ______ form_____
Leydig cells
Testosterone
Shape of testes
Oval
Length and breadth of testes
4-5 cm long
2-4 cm breadth
Weight of testes
10-15 grams
Human testes are _______ abdomen
Extra abdominal
Testes is present in a ____ called _____
Testes sac
Scrotum
Testes are connected to scoring by _____aka_____
Gubernaculum
Mesorchium
In 6th to 7th month during embryogenesis, what happens to testes in presence of which hormones
Testes comes into scrotum
Testosterone + FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Sometimes, testes don’t descend into scrotum … this is known as
Cryptorchidism
Since testes don’t desensitized to scrotum in cryptorchism, what happens and why
Sperm not formed cause of high temperature (2-2.5 Celsius higher ) in body
Name the surgery by which cryporchidism can be treated
Orchiopexy
______ muscles, when contracted, then testes comes closer to abdomen during ____ season
Cremaster
Winter
(Relax in summer)
By contraction of ____ muscles, walls of scrotum become ____ during ___ season
Dartos muscle
Thick
Winter
(To prevent heat loss)
Each testes has ___ testicular lobules
250
Testicular lobules are separated by
Tunica albugenia
Each testicular lobule contains how many seminiferous tubules
1 to 3
Structural and functional unit of testes
Seminiferous tubules
___ canal connects testes and abdomen
Inguinal canal
Rete testes is lined by _____
Cuboidal epithelium
Rete testes is an _______ like structure
Anastomosing labyrinth
From each rete testes, _____ vas’s efferentia arises
10-12
Vasa efferentia is aka
Ductuli efferens
Vasa efferentia opens into
Duct of epididymis
TS of testes shows which 3 cells
Leydig cell
Sertoli cell
Spermatogonia
What are the 5 functions of Sertoli cells
Provide nutrition to spermatozoa
Absorb shed part of spermatozoa
Secretes anti mullerian factor (AMF) which prevents development of oviduct in males
Release androgen binding proteins (ABP concentrates testosterone)
Form blood testes barrier
Function of ABP
Androgen bonding proteins
Concentrated testosterone
Function of blood testes barrier
To check for antigens present in blood coming into testes
Testes + epididymis =
Testicles
Surgical removal of testes is called ___ aka ____
Casteration
Orchidectomy
In ___ and ___ , testes comes into scrotum during breeding season … this is called
Bat
Otter
Rut cycle
what happens in epididymis
functional maturation of sperm takes palce ie motilty is aquired
shape of epididymis
comma shaped
length of epididymis
4cm
epididymis contains a __ m long duct, thus the duct is highly coiled
6m
which epithelial tissue lines epididymis
pseudostratified stereo ciliated epithelium
function of stereocilia
increases surface of absorption
name the 3 parts of epididymis
caput
corpus
cauda
caput is aka
globus major
cauda is aka
globus minor
epididymis arises from _____
wolfian duct of mesonephros
after functional maturation the sperm comes to ____ region of vasa deferens
ampulla
vasa diferentia is aka
ductus defernes
ductus deferens arises from
wolfian duct
length of vas deferens
45 cm
___ portion of VD fuses with ejaculatory duct
ampulla
name the components of spermatic chord
Vas deferens + artery + vein + nerve + connective tissue + cremaster muscle
sometimes, large intestine bulges into inguinal canal this condition is known as
inguinal hernia
length of ejaculatory duct
2cm
___ and ___ open into ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicles
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct opens into ___
prostatic urethra
name the 3 parts of male urethra
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
penial urethra
cowper gland open into
membranous urethra
length of urethra in male
20cm
Shortest part of urethra in males
Membranous urethra
Name the copulatory organ in males
Penis
Describe the penis in 3 words
Cylindrical
Muscular
Tubular
Penile mass is covered by
Tunica albugenia
TS of penis shows 3 cords namely
Corpora cavernosa (2) Corpora spongiosa
In male, urethra passes through
Corpora spongiosum
During sexual excitement,deep artery pours blood into _____ so penis becomes ___. This is called ___
Erectile tissue
Hard
Erection of penis
Erection of penis is under control of ____ nervous system
Parasympathetic
Erection of penis is a ___ process
Vascular
_____ is extended and forms conical structure called ___ penis
Corpora spongiosa
Glans penis
Describe and name the skin on glans penis
Thin
Smooth
Shiny
Hairless
Prepuce or foreskin
Sebaceous glands are present on prepuce and are called ___ aka ____
Tyson gland
Preputial gland
Tyson gland secretes
Smegma
___ infection can occur in smegma
Microbial
In Muslims, ____ is done in childhood to prevent from microbial infection in smegma
Circumssion
Name the 3 accessory glands in males
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Cowper gland aka bulbo urethral gland
No of seminal vesicles
1 paid
Seminal vesicles are aka
Uterus masculinus
Seminal vesicles are modification of ____
Müllerian duct
Seminal vesicles location
Between urinary bladder and rectum
Seminal vesicles are lined by
Glandular epithelium
____ secrete 60-70% part of semen
Seminal vesicles
Describe the fluid from seminal vesicles
Lubricating
Transparent
Jelly like
pH of fluid from seminal vesicles
7.3
Seminal vesicles fluid contains
FCIP:
Fructose
Citric acid
Inositol
Prostaglandins
____ is an energy source for sperm
Fructose
For sperm, if Krebs cycle is used, energy source is
Citric acid
Rape test is done with the help of ____
Semen
They identify fructose because fructose is not present in any other secretion of the body
____ gland in male reproductive system is mainly found in mammals
Prostate
Shape of prostate gland
Chestnut shaped
Prostate gland is present at ___
Base of urinary bladder
pH of secretion of prostate gland
7.3/7.5
Fluid of prostate gland is
Milky
Sticky
Jelly like
Prostate gland produces ___% of semen
30%
Secretion of prostate gland help in
Activation of sperm
No of prostate gland(s)
1
Secretion of prostate gland gives ___ to semen
Characteristic smell
Prostate gland secretion consists of
CCPP
Citrate ion
Calcium ion
Phosphate ion
Profibrinolysin
____ is the marker enzyme of prostate gland which is used to detect prostate cancer
Acid phosphatase
No of Cowper gland
1 pair
Describe Cowper gland
Small and pea shaped
Where is Cowper gland present
Base of penis
Where does cowper gland open into
Membranous urethra
pH of secretion of Cowper gland
7.2
Main job of secretion of Cowper gland
Provide lubrication during sexual intercourse
Alkaline semen helps in
Neutralises acidity of vagina
Semen = __+___
Sperm
Secretion form accessory reproductive glands
If semen forcefully ejaculated into vagina from penis, it is called
Insemination
Each ejaculate of 2.5-5 ml of semen contains ___ sperms
200-300 million sperms
— sperms are present per ml of semen
20-120 million
If sperm count is v.less or nil, it is called
Azoospermia
If sperm count is less than 20million /ml of semen, it is called
Oligospermia
Seminal plasma is
Liquid portion of semen
Seminal plasma contains __&___&___
Fructose
Calcium
Certain enzymes
If ___% of sperms show ____, male becomes fertile
60%
Normal shape and size
(Out of which 40% sperm must show high motility)
Semen is forcefully expelled from penis by contraction of ____ this is called ____
Smooth muscles around urethra
Ejaculatory
If semen is expelled into vagina of female, it is known as
Insemination
What is spermination
After taking nutrition from Sertoli cells, spermatozoa comes into lumen of seminiferous tubules
Just read this 🥛🍿🍜
When semen comes out from penis, it coagulates to save its sperms energy and then when it reaches the female genitalia, semen liquified again so it’s speed increases with the help of FIBRINOLYSIN
What is prostatomegaly
Cancer of prostate gland
What happens in prostatomegaly
Hypertrophy (overgrowth) of prostrate gland
Give 2 points about prostatitis
Swelling in prostate gland
Difficult urinination
When mumps spreads to testes it is called
Orchitis
What happens in orchitis
Swelling in testes
Full form of ADAM
Androgen deficiency in aging males
ADAM is aka
Male menopause
Give 2 features of androgen defincirny in aging males
Testosterone decreases in a high amount
Spermatogenesis stops
What is impotency
Erection of penis does not occur during sexual intercourse
Treatment of impotency
Nitric oxide drugs (like viagra )
It increases blood supply to the penis
What is hydrocoel
Fluid is accumulated in tunica vaginalis
Ovary produces
Ova and hormones
Describe ovary
Small
Almond shaped
Length diameter and thickness of ovary
Length : 2-4 cm
Diameter : 3cm
Thick: 1 cm
Location of ovary
Near kidney in lower abdominal cavity
Ovary is suspended with the help of
Mesovarium
Outermost layer of ovary
Germinal epithelium
Germinal epithelium is a modification of
Cuboidal epithelium
Which layer is beneath the germinal epithelium covering the ovary
Tunica albugenia
What is on top of germinal epithelium on ovary but not actually layer of ovary
Peritonium
Medulla of ovary contains (5)
Elastic fibers Loose connective tissue Blood vessel Lymph vessels Smooth muscles
Cortex contains
Ovarian follicles
ovary contains 2 regions namely
cortex
medulla
cortex + medulla=
stroma
ovary is covered by
germinal epithelial tissue
tunica albugenia
germinal epithelium gives rise to
oogonia
oogonia gives rise to
primary oocyte
primary oocyte gives rise to
secondary oocyte
secondary oocyte gives rise to
ova
ova is formed in ___
fallopian tube
formation of ova is called
oogenesis
primary follicle gives rise to
secondary follicle
secondaryfollicle gives rise to
tertiary follicle
tertiary follicle gives rise to
graffian follicle
graffian follicle gives rise to
corpus luteum
corpus luteum gives rise to
corpus albicans
when primary oocyte gets surrounded by ___ cells, it is called primary folllicle
granulosa
when primary follicle gets surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells and ___ layer is formd, it is called ___
theca
secondary follicle
secondary follicle is transpormed into tertiary follicle , in which ___ is present and __ and ___ are organised
antrum
theca externa
theca interna
antrum is a ___ filled cavity
liquid (liquid called liquor follculi)
tertiary follicle contains primary oocyte which shows___ and thus secondary oocyte and 1st polar body form..now it is known as ___
meiosis 1
graffian follicles
__ and ___ are well developed in graffian follicles
theca
antrum
externally, scrotum looks like a single pouch of skin separated into 2 lateral portions by a median ridge called
raphe
Spermatogonia embryonic layer
Mesoderm
Enter testes at 5th week of development
Seminiferous tubules contains 2 types of cells namely
Spermatogonia
Sertoli cells
In graffian follicular two layers are present namely
Theca externa
Theca interna
Theca externa is a ____ layer
Fiberous layer
Theca interna is made up of
Follicular cells
Eccentric cavity is present in graffian follicles known as
Antrum
Follicular cells secrete
Liquor folliculi
In graffian follicles ___ oocyte is presents
Secondary
Secondary oocyte layers name
Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
Corona radiata is made up of
Follicular cells
____ is a non cellular layer made of glycoproteins
Zona pellucida
Secondary oocyte is connected to theca interna by ___
Pedicel Stalk Germ hill Discus proligerous Cumulus oophorus
Cumulus oophorus is aka
Pedicel
Stalk
Germ hill
Discus proligerus
After ovulation, graffian follicles are converted to
Corpus luteum
Corpus luteum is aka
Yellow body
Macula lutea
Corpus luteum is equivalent to
Macula lutea
Corpus luteum is yellow due to
Luetin pigment
Corpus luteum secretes
Estrogen
Progesterone
At the last of menstural cycle, corpus luteum is converted to
Corpus Albicans
Corpus albicans is aka
White body
Why is corpus albicans white in color
It is made of fiberous tissue
Ovarian ligament/ ligament of ovary attaches the ovary to the uterus
:)
Ovary is attached to the peritonium by a double layered fold called
Mesovarium
Fallopian tube is aka
Oviduct
Müllerian duct
Length of Fallopian tube
10-12 cm
Describe Fallopian tube in 3 words
Ciliated
Muscular
Tubular
Fallopian tube is suspended by
Mesosalpinax
In Fallopian tube, peristalsis occurs which helps in
Movement of secondary oocyte towards ampulla
Fertilization site is
Ampulla of Fallopian tube
Isthmus part of Fallopian tube is embedded in uterus is known as
Intramural or interstitial part
___ is the funnel shaped part of Fallopian tube
Infundibulum
Infundibulum contains finger like projections called
Fimbrae
Fimbrae helps to collect
Secondary oocyte
Name the 3 parts of Fallopian tube
Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum
___ is wide part of Fallopian tube
Ampulla
___ is narrow part of Fallopian tube
Isthamus
Uterus is aka (3)
Hystera
Metra
Womb
Removal of uterus is known as
Hysterectomy
Capacity of uterus
10-5000 cm cube
Describe uterus in 4 words
Large
Hollow
Muscular
Highly vascular
Shape of uterus
Inverted pear shaped
Uterus is suspended by
Mesomatrium
Uterus location
Pelvis region between urinary bladder and rectum
Name the 3 parts of uterus
Fundus
Body
Cervix
___+___=birth canal
Vagina
Cervical canal
____ has most powerful sphincters of female body
Cervix
Name the 2 types of sphincters in cervix
External os
Internal os
Name the 3 walls of uterus
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Describe outer layer of uterus (perimetrium)
Membranous and serous layer
Describe myometrium of uterus
Thick and highly muscular
Endometrium of uterus describe
Highly vascular
Glandular
Columnar ET present
Perimetrium is made of (3)
Simple squamous epithelium
Mesothelium
Peritonium
Myometrium is made of
Smooth muscles
During menstural cycle ___ is shed out
Endometrium
Length of vagina
8 cm
Vagina has or does not have glands
Does not have glands
Mucus membrane is present in vagina
:)
Vagina is lined by which epithelium
Non keritinised stratified squamous epithelium
The mucus membrane of vagina forms folds known as
Vaginal rugae
Vaginal opening is surrounded by a membrane called
Hymen membrane
the mucus membrane of vagina forms folds called
vaginal rugae
vaginal opeining is surrounded by a membrane called
hymen membrane
what is the pH of vagina
4-5
external genitilia of female is known as
vulva
a depression present on vulva is called
vestiblue
vestibule has 2 openings namely
urethral and vaginal opening (opening is aka orifice)
vestibular area is surrounded by
2 pairs of moist skin folds (labia majora and minora)
which is the large skin fold surrounding vestibular are of vagiana?
labia majora
which is the small skin fold surrounding vestibular are of vagiana?
labia minora
labia mojora is analogus to
scrotum
____ is fused on anterior side to form clitoris
labia minora
posterior part of labia minora forms
fourchette
clitoris is homologus to
penis
the space between fourchette and anus is called
perinium
what is small, erectile, finger like, cylindrical
clitoris
clitoris is covered by
prepuce
clitoris contains ___ corpora cavernosa and ___ corpora spongiosa
2
0
labia majora on upper side forms ___/___
mons pubis
mons veneris
mons pubis contains ______ tissue
subcutaneous connective tissue
onthe outer surface of ______, oil glands, sweat glands and hair follicles are present
labia majora
vestibular glands of female are ____ glands
accessory glands
the vestibular glands are divided into ____ and _____
greater vestibular or Bartholin gland
lesser vestibular or paraurethral or Skene’s gland
____ gland of female secretes lubricating fluid
skenes or paraurethral or lesser vestibular glands
Bartholin gland is ___ color
reddish yellow
Bartholin gland location
lateral side of vagina
Bartholin gland secretes
alkaline fluid(neutralizes acidity from urine near vagina)
number of greater vestibular glands
1 pair
lesser vestibular locationn
present around urethra
Mammary glands are located on ____ muscles
Pectoralis major muscles
Each mammary glands contains ____ mammary lobes
15-20 lobes
Mammary lobes are separated by _____ tissues
dense Connective tissues and adipose tissues
Mammary glands are a modification of
Sweat 😓 gland
Which type of gland is mammary gland
Compound tubulo alveolar gland
Mammary glands contain clusters of cells shaped like ____ known as ___
Grapes
Alveoli
Give the path of milk in mammary glands
Alveoli Mammary tubules Mammary duct Ampulla Lacteferous duct Nipple
Number of lacteferous duct = number of _____
Mammary lobes (15-20)
Diameter of each lacteferous duct
0.5 mm
Pinkish area around nipple is known as
Areola
Nipples are vestigial in
Male
In ___(4), testes is intra abdominal
Elephant
Aquatic mammals (whale and dolphin)
seal
Prototheria
Just after the birth of a child, mothers mammary gland secrete a ___ color fluid called ____
Yellow
Colostrum
Colostrum contains ___ antibody which provides passive immunity
IgA
In mammary gland, alveolar system is developed by
Progesterone
Duct system of mammary glands is developed by
Estrogen
For development of mammary gland, ____ and ____ are required
Progesterone
Estrogen
Technique used to detect breast cancer
Mammography
Removal of breast of cancer detected
Masectomy
What is endometriosis
Overgrowth of endometrium
Endometriosis can be seen during
Menopause
Ovary removal
What is oophorocystosis
Cyst formation (when theca externa of GF becomes too hard) in ovary
Since GF not developed, female becomes sterile
What happens in ectopic pregnancy
When development of embryo takes place outside the uterus
What is cervical cancer
Cancer of cervix
Test to detect cervical cancer
Pap smear test
What is oophoritis
Inflammation in ovary
What is dysmenorrhea
Excess pain during mensturation
Amenorrhoea?
Mensturation absent
What is it called when someone has excessive mensturation
Menorrhagia
Gametogenesis starts from ____ cells
Primordial germ cells
Primordial germ cells are ______ in origin
Extragonidial
Primordial germ cells are formed in
Extra embryonic mesoderm
Spermatogenesis takes place in 2 stages namely
Spermatocytogenesis
Spermiogenesis
Spermatocytogenesis includes formation of ___ from ____
Spermatid from PGCs
Spermatocytogenesis has 3 phases namely
Multiplication(mitosis)
Growth
Maturation (meisosis 1&2)
9 changes during spermiogenesis
Motility occurs in sperm
Weight of sperm decreases
Nucleus becomes compact and forms head of sperm known as spermatid
On head, acrosome present like a cap
Acrosome develops from Golgi body of spermatid
Acrosome has spermolysis
Mitochondria of spermatid forms mitochondrial spiral known as Nebenkern
Centriole differentiated into proximal and distal centriole
Tail formation occurs
Acrosome develops from
Golgi body of spermatid
Mitochondria of spermatid form mitochondrial spiral known as
Nebenkern
