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zoology > digestion and absorption > Flashcards

digestion and absorption Flashcards

1
Q

space between lips and teeth is called __ aka ___

A

vestibule

tobacco cavity

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2
Q

___ separates nasal and buccal cavity

A

palate

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3
Q

anterior palate is made of __ boNE

A

palatine bone (hard bone)

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4
Q

posterior palate is made of ___

A

muscle (aka soft palate)

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5
Q

in hard palate there are permanent ridges called __

A

rugae

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6
Q

swallowing is aka

A

deglutittion

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7
Q

tongue is made of __ muscle and is covered by

A

skeletal

mucus memb.(epithelium that secretes mucus)

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8
Q

tongue is free from anterioror posterior end

A

anterior

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9
Q

tongue is attached posteriorly to __bone

A

hyoid

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10
Q

___ is the visible part of a tooth

A

crown

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11
Q

____ part of tooth is surrounded by gum

A

neck

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12
Q

___ is the hardest substance of the body

A

enamel

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13
Q

is enamel vascular

A

no

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14
Q

enamel arises from embryonic cell called

A

ameloblast

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15
Q

func. of periodental ligament

A

connect root if tooth to jaw soket

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16
Q

acrodont teeth have ____ attachment with jaw bone and they are directed in ____ and ____ direction

A

superficial

upward.,downward

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17
Q

examples of animals with acrodont teeth

A

frog, amphibians

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18
Q

pleurodont teeth have ___ attachment with jawbone and are directed towards ___ side

A

inward

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19
Q

pleurodont teeth are seen in

A

reptiles like snake

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20
Q

___ teeth are embedded into jaw bone within bony socket

A

thecodont

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21
Q

thecodont teeth are found in

A 
mammals
crocodile (the only reptile with thecodont teeth)
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22
Q

teeth which show similar external appearence

A

homodont/ isodont

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23
Q

homdont teeth are found in

A

amphbians and reptiles

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24
Q

heterodont teeth are found in

A

mammals

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25
Q

no. of root and cusps in incisor

A

1

1

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26
Q

no. of root and cusps in caninie

A

1

1

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27
Q

no. of roots and cusps in premolar

A

2

2

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28
Q

no. of roots and cusps in molar

A

2

many

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29
Q

teeth that grow on jawbone many times

A

polyphyodont

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30
Q

polyphyodontteeth are found in __ and __ teeth

A

acrodont

pleurodont

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31
Q

teeth that grow on jaw bone twice

A

diphyodont

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32
Q

eg, of diphyodont teeth

A

human milk teeth (20 in no.)

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33
Q

teeth that grow on jaw bone only once

A

monophyodont

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34
Q

eg of monophyodont teeth

A

permanent teeth in human (12 in no.)

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35
Q

what hppens in hypsodont teeth

A

root canal remains broad

memorize: HIPS ar e broad,, so HYP(sounds like hip)syodont teeth are the ones in which root canal remains broad

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36
Q

hypsyodont teeth are found in (4)

A

incisor of rabbit and rat
tusk of elephant
molar and pre molar of horse

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37
Q

what are brachyodont teeth

A

root canal narrows then closes

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38
Q

brachyodont teeth are found in

A

most mammal teeth

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39
Q

___,___,___ are macronutrients or proximate principles of food

A

Carbohydrates, lipids and

proteins

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40
Q

___,___,___ are

micronutrients or protective principles of food

A

Minerals, vitamins and water

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41
Q

An adult human has __ teeth

A

32

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42
Q

The dental formula of an adult human is

A

2123/2123

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43
Q

Tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a fold called_____ of the tongue

A

Frenulum

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44
Q

___________ divides tongue into phrangeal(posterior part) and oral(anterior part)

A

Sulcus terminalis (inverted V shaped furrow)

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45
Q

Smallest, most abundant pappilae with no tastebuds

A

Filiform pappilae

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46
Q

Appear as red dots on tongue and contain taste buds

A

Fungiform pappilae

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47
Q

_____ pappilae are absent in man

A

Foliate

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48
Q

______ papillae are largest inbsize and kbob like with taste buds

A

Circumvalate

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49
Q

Tip of tongue detects which taste

A

Sweet

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50
Q

Salt is tasted by which part of the tongue

A

Tip and sides

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51
Q

Sour is tasted by which part of the tongue

A

Side

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52
Q

Bitter is tasted by which part of the tongue

A

Base( memorize like b for bitter and b for base)

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53
Q

Sweat glands of ____ are present on tongue

A

Dog ( panting of dog)

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54
Q

____ is the common passge for food and air

A

Pharynx

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55
Q

___ is the opening pf the windpipe

A

Glottis

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56
Q

Define epiglottis

A

A cartelageneous flap which prevents entry of food into glottis while swallowing

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57
Q

Stomach is locatd in ____ portion of the abdominal cavity

A

Uppr left portion

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58
Q

Name the 4 parts of our stomach

A

Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pyloric

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59
Q

Oesophagus opens into ___ part of stomach

A

Cardiac

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60
Q

_____ part of stonach opens into firt part of intestine ( duodenum)

A

Pyloric

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61
Q

Name the 3 parts of the S.I. In order

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum(memorize spelling)

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62
Q

Which part of S.I. is C shaped

A

Duodenum

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63
Q

Long, coiled and middle portion of small intestine

A

Jejunum

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64
Q

Highly coiled, longest portion of the small intestine

A

Ileum

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65
Q

Which sphincter regulates opening of stomach into duodenum

A

Pyloric sphincter

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66
Q

____ has folds called villi towards the lumen of theintestine

A

Mucosa layer

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67
Q

Intestinal glands aka

A

Crypts of leiberkuhn

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68
Q

Paneth cells in intestine secrete what

A

Digestive enzymes

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69
Q

Argentaffin cells secrete

A

Probably secrete hormones

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70
Q

Brunners gland are located in which layer of DUODENUM

A

Sub mucos

71
Q

What do Brunners glands secrete

A

Mucus

72
Q

Diffused patches of lymphoid tissues are present thru out the S.I. And are aggregated in the ileum to form ____

A

Peyers patches

73
Q

Name the 3 parts of the L.I. In order

A

Caecum
Colon
Rectum

74
Q

Which part of small intestine hosts symbiotic microorganisms

A

Caecum

75
Q

Vermiform appendix which is a finger like tubular projection that is vestigial in humans arises from

A

Caecum

76
Q

The caecum opens into the ___

A

Colon

77
Q

The colon is divided into 3 parts namely

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending

78
Q

What is sigmoid colon

A

Terminal section of large intestine which connects descending colon to rectum

79
Q

__ colon lacks mesentey

A

Ascending

80
Q

____ is the storage site for faecal matter

A

Rectum

81
Q

Wall of alikentary canal from oesophagus to rectum has 4 layers namely

A 
From outside to inside:
Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa
82
Q

Serosa layer is madeof

A

Mesothelim(epithelium of visceral organs)

Some connective tissues

83
Q

Serosa layer is absent in ____

A

Oesophagus

84
Q

Instead of serosa, the outermost layer of oesophagus is

A

Fibrous layer(external adventitia)

85
Q

Muscularis layer is formed by

A

Smooth muscles

86
Q

Smooth muscles in muscularis are arranfed into inner ___and outer ___ layer

A

Circular

Longitudinal

87
Q

A ___ layer is found inner to the ciruclar muscle fibre of muscularis layer in stomach

A

Oblique muscle lauer

88
Q

The sub mucosa layer is formed of ___ containing ____,____,____

A

Loose connective tissue
Nerves
Blood vessels
Lymph vessels

89
Q

____ is the innermost layer lining the lumen of the alimentary canal

A

Mucosa

90
Q

______ layer forms irregular folds called ____ in the stomach and villi in the intestine

A

Mucosa

Rugae

91
Q

Name the middle layer of mucosa

A

Lamina propria

92
Q

Villi are supplied with with a network of cappilaries and a large lymph vessel called -

A

Lacteal

93
Q

Mucosal epithelium has _____ cells which secrete mucous that helps in lubrication

A

Goblet

94
Q

Mucosa forms glands in stomach called -

A

Gastric glands

95
Q

Mucosa forms crypts in between bases of villi called

A

Crypts of leiberkhun

96
Q

The layers of the alimentary canal have network if nerve fibres called

A

Plexus

97
Q

myentric plexus/plexus of auerbach controls ____________ and is present in_________

A

Peristaltic movements in in alimentary canal

Present in between lonitudinal and circular muscles of muscularis layer

98
Q

Outer layer of mucosa us called

A

Muscularis(the second layer of ali. Canal is also called muscularis so dont get confused)

99
Q

_____ contain fibres from both autonomic nervous systems (sym. And parasym.)

A

Myentric plexus or plexus of auerbach

100
Q

Meissner plexus or submucosal plexus is present in between

A

Muscular coat and the mucosa(thats why it is called submucosal because submucosa is in between muscular coat or muscularis and the mucosa layer)

101
Q

Meissner plexus or submucosal plexus controls?

A

Secretions of different digestive glands

102
Q

Name the three digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas

103
Q

Name the 3 pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotids
Sub maxillary aka sub mandibular
Sub linguals

104
Q

Whixh salivary glands are found near the cheek

A

Parotids

105
Q

Which are the largest salivary glands

A

Parotid

106
Q

Parotid open thru which duct

A

Stensons duct

107
Q

Which salivary glands r found at lower jaw

A

sub maxillary or sub mandibular

108
Q

Which salivary gl. Open thru whartons duct

A

Sub maxillary or submandibular

109
Q

Which glands contribute maximally to saliva production

A

Sub maxillary or submandibular

110
Q

Sub lingual salivary gland location

A

Found below tongue

111
Q

Smallest salivary glands

A

Sub lingual

112
Q

Sub lingual salivary gland open thru which duct

A

Rivinus duct

113
Q

Daily secretion of saliva is how many litees

A

1.5

114
Q

pH of saliva is

A

6.8

115
Q

Saliva has ____ and ______ and _____ and _____

A

Salivary amylase or ptyalin
Lysozyme
Enzymes
Electrolytes like Na+, K+ Cl- HCO3-

116
Q

Salivary amylase is aka

A

Ptyalin

117
Q

Saliva is secreted by stimulation of which nervous system

A

ParaSympathetic

118
Q

Saliva: reduced secretion. by stimulation of which nervous system

A

sympathetiv

119
Q

which ions are required for activation of salivary amylase

A

Cl-

120
Q

Which is the largest gland of the body

A

Liver

121
Q

How much does the liver weigh

A

1.2 to 1.5 kg

122
Q

Where is the liver situated

A

Abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm

123
Q

Liver has two lobes, namely

A

Left, right

124
Q

What are the structural and functional units of the liver

A

Hepatic lobules

125
Q

Hepatic lobules cpntain hepatic cells arranged in the form of ?

A

Cords

126
Q

Each hepatic lobule is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called the?

A

Glissons capsule

127
Q

Hepatic cells secrete ____ which is transported to gall vladder thru hepatic ducts

A

Bile

128
Q

Additional functions of liver include

A

Storage of Fat and urea synthesis

129
Q

GAll bladeer has capcity of how many ml

A

30-50 ml

130
Q

Inn gall bladded , bile is ___&____

A

Stored and concentrated

131
Q

___&____ form the common bile duct

A

Duct of gall bladder(cystic duct) along with hepatic duct from the liver for, the common bile duct

132
Q

The bile duct and the pancreatic duct open together in to duodenum as the _________ whoch is guarded by sphicter called?

A

Common hepato pancreatic duct

Sphicter of Oddi

133
Q

______ is a compoundgland related to digestion

A

pancreas (both endo and exocrine)

134
Q

Where are pancreas situated

A

Between limbs of C shaped duodenum

135
Q

The ____ part of pancreas secreatesalkaline pancreatic juice containing various emzymes

A

Exocrine

136
Q

The endocrine part of pancreas secrets (3)

A

Hormones
Insulin
Glucagon

137
Q

Name the 2 ducts associated with pancreas

A

Duct of Santorini

Suct of Wirsung

138
Q

Which is athe accessory or non functional duct, which opens into duodenum associated with pancreas

A

Duct of santorini

139
Q

Function of duct of wirsung

A

Combines wihth bile duct to form common hepato pamcreatic duct

140
Q

Buccal cavity has two major functions which are ?

A

Mastication of food

Facilitation of swallowing

141
Q

Chemical process of digestion is initiated in the ?

A

Oral cavity

142
Q

Ptyalin ( salivary amylase) hydrolyses _____% of starch into _______ at pH 6.8

A

30%

Disaccharide: maltose

143
Q

Function of lysozyme in saliva

A

Antibacterial agent that prevents infections

144
Q

Swallowing is aka

A

Deglutition

145
Q

The ___ of stomach has gastric glands

A

Mucosa

146
Q

Gastric glands have 3 major types of cellsnamely

A

Mucus neck cells
Peptic or chief cells
Parietal or oxyntic cells

147
Q

Mucus neck cells secrete?

A

Mucous

148
Q

Peptic or cheif cells secrete

A

Proenzyme called pepsinogen

149
Q

Parietal or oxyntic cells secrete

A

HCl and intrinsic factor(factor that is essentoal for absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine)

150
Q

What is intrinsic factor

A

factor that is essentoal for absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine

151
Q

Stomach stores food for how many hrs

A

4-5

152
Q

When food coming from the oesophagus mixes with gastric juice of the stomach by its churning movements, it is called?

A

Chyme

153
Q

The proenzyme pepsinogen in exposure to HCl gets converted into active enzyme :____

A

Pepsin

154
Q

Name the proteolytic enzyme of the stomach

A

Pepsin

155
Q

Pepsin converts proteins into ___&____

A

Proteoses

Petpones(aka peptides)

156
Q

The mucous and ___ in gastric jui e help in lubrication and prevent damaging of mucosal epithelim due to HCl (conc.)

A

Bicarbonates

157
Q

pH of HCl in stomach (which is optmal for functioning of pepsin)

A

1.8

158
Q

HCl ofhastric juice converts Fe?+ to Fe?+ , which makes absorption of iron possible

A

3+ (Ferric) to 2+(Ferrous)

159
Q

Non secretion of HCl is called

A

Achlohydria

160
Q

Non secretion of HCl or gastrectomy can lead to ____

A

Anemia

161
Q

what is proteolytic enzymethat is found in gastric juice of infants whaich helps in digestion of milk proteins

A

Rennin

162
Q

Samll amount of ___ are secreted by gastric glands

A

Lipases

163
Q

Name the 3 secretions that are released into the small intestine

A

Bile
Pancreatic juice
Intestinal juice

164
Q

Bile amd pancreatic juice are released into small intestine thru which duct

A

Hepato-pancreatic duct

165
Q

Name the inactive enzymes(6) in pancreatic juice

A 
Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsin
Procarboxypeptidases
Amylases
Lipases
Nucleases
166
Q

Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme called _____ which is secreted by the _____

A

Enterokinase

Intestinal mucosa

167
Q

____ activates the other enzymes in pancreatic juice

A

Trypsin

168
Q

Name the two bile pigments

A

Bilirubin

Bilivordin

169
Q

Name the 3 bile salts

A

Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium glycocholate
Sodium taurocholate

170
Q

Just read this ❤️👌🏻

A

BILE HAS NO ENZYME

171
Q

___helps in emulsification of fats

A

Bile

172
Q

____ activates lipases

A

Bile

173
Q

The intestinal mucosal epitheilium has _____ cells which secrete mucus

A

Goblet cells

174
Q

The secretions of brush border cells along with goblet cells constitute ____

A

Intestinal juice or succus enteriicus

zoology (9 decks)

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