digestion and absorption Flashcards
space between lips and teeth is called __ aka ___
vestibule
tobacco cavity
___ separates nasal and buccal cavity
palate
anterior palate is made of __ boNE
palatine bone (hard bone)
posterior palate is made of ___
muscle (aka soft palate)
in hard palate there are permanent ridges called __
rugae
swallowing is aka
deglutittion
tongue is made of __ muscle and is covered by
skeletal
mucus memb.(epithelium that secretes mucus)
tongue is free from anterioror posterior end
anterior
tongue is attached posteriorly to __bone
hyoid
___ is the visible part of a tooth
crown
____ part of tooth is surrounded by gum
neck
___ is the hardest substance of the body
enamel
is enamel vascular
no
enamel arises from embryonic cell called
ameloblast
func. of periodental ligament
connect root if tooth to jaw soket
acrodont teeth have ____ attachment with jaw bone and they are directed in ____ and ____ direction
superficial
upward.,downward
examples of animals with acrodont teeth
frog, amphibians
pleurodont teeth have ___ attachment with jawbone and are directed towards ___ side
inward
pleurodont teeth are seen in
reptiles like snake
___ teeth are embedded into jaw bone within bony socket
thecodont
thecodont teeth are found in
mammals crocodile (the only reptile with thecodont teeth)
teeth which show similar external appearence
homodont/ isodont
homdont teeth are found in
amphbians and reptiles
heterodont teeth are found in
mammals
no. of root and cusps in incisor
1
1
no. of root and cusps in caninie
1
1
no. of roots and cusps in premolar
2
2
no. of roots and cusps in molar
2
many
teeth that grow on jawbone many times
polyphyodont
polyphyodontteeth are found in __ and __ teeth
acrodont
pleurodont
teeth that grow on jaw bone twice
diphyodont
eg, of diphyodont teeth
human milk teeth (20 in no.)
teeth that grow on jaw bone only once
monophyodont
eg of monophyodont teeth
permanent teeth in human (12 in no.)
what hppens in hypsodont teeth
root canal remains broad
memorize: HIPS ar e broad,, so HYP(sounds like hip)syodont teeth are the ones in which root canal remains broad
hypsyodont teeth are found in (4)
incisor of rabbit and rat
tusk of elephant
molar and pre molar of horse
what are brachyodont teeth
root canal narrows then closes
brachyodont teeth are found in
most mammal teeth
___,___,___ are macronutrients or proximate principles of food
Carbohydrates, lipids and
proteins
___,___,___ are
micronutrients or protective principles of food
Minerals, vitamins and water
An adult human has __ teeth
32
The dental formula of an adult human is
2123/2123
Tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a fold called_____ of the tongue
Frenulum
___________ divides tongue into phrangeal(posterior part) and oral(anterior part)
Sulcus terminalis (inverted V shaped furrow)
Smallest, most abundant pappilae with no tastebuds
Filiform pappilae
Appear as red dots on tongue and contain taste buds
Fungiform pappilae
_____ pappilae are absent in man
Foliate
______ papillae are largest inbsize and kbob like with taste buds
Circumvalate
Tip of tongue detects which taste
Sweet
Salt is tasted by which part of the tongue
Tip and sides
Sour is tasted by which part of the tongue
Side
Bitter is tasted by which part of the tongue
Base( memorize like b for bitter and b for base)
Sweat glands of ____ are present on tongue
Dog ( panting of dog)
____ is the common passge for food and air
Pharynx
___ is the opening pf the windpipe
Glottis
Define epiglottis
A cartelageneous flap which prevents entry of food into glottis while swallowing
Stomach is locatd in ____ portion of the abdominal cavity
Uppr left portion
Name the 4 parts of our stomach
Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pyloric
Oesophagus opens into ___ part of stomach
Cardiac
_____ part of stonach opens into firt part of intestine ( duodenum)
Pyloric
Name the 3 parts of the S.I. In order
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum(memorize spelling)
Which part of S.I. is C shaped
Duodenum
Long, coiled and middle portion of small intestine
Jejunum
Highly coiled, longest portion of the small intestine
Ileum
Which sphincter regulates opening of stomach into duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
____ has folds called villi towards the lumen of theintestine
Mucosa layer
Intestinal glands aka
Crypts of leiberkuhn
Paneth cells in intestine secrete what
Digestive enzymes
Argentaffin cells secrete
Probably secrete hormones
Brunners gland are located in which layer of DUODENUM
Sub mucos
What do Brunners glands secrete
Mucus
Diffused patches of lymphoid tissues are present thru out the S.I. And are aggregated in the ileum to form ____
Peyers patches
Name the 3 parts of the L.I. In order
Caecum
Colon
Rectum
Which part of small intestine hosts symbiotic microorganisms
Caecum
Vermiform appendix which is a finger like tubular projection that is vestigial in humans arises from
Caecum
The caecum opens into the ___
Colon
The colon is divided into 3 parts namely
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
What is sigmoid colon
Terminal section of large intestine which connects descending colon to rectum
__ colon lacks mesentey
Ascending
____ is the storage site for faecal matter
Rectum
Wall of alikentary canal from oesophagus to rectum has 4 layers namely
From outside to inside: Serosa Muscularis Submucosa Mucosa
Serosa layer is madeof
Mesothelim(epithelium of visceral organs)
Some connective tissues
Serosa layer is absent in ____
Oesophagus
Instead of serosa, the outermost layer of oesophagus is
Fibrous layer(external adventitia)
Muscularis layer is formed by
Smooth muscles
Smooth muscles in muscularis are arranfed into inner ___and outer ___ layer
Circular
Longitudinal
A ___ layer is found inner to the ciruclar muscle fibre of muscularis layer in stomach
Oblique muscle lauer
The sub mucosa layer is formed of ___ containing ____,____,____
Loose connective tissue
Nerves
Blood vessels
Lymph vessels
____ is the innermost layer lining the lumen of the alimentary canal
Mucosa
______ layer forms irregular folds called ____ in the stomach and villi in the intestine
Mucosa
Rugae
Name the middle layer of mucosa
Lamina propria
Villi are supplied with with a network of cappilaries and a large lymph vessel called -
Lacteal
Mucosal epithelium has _____ cells which secrete mucous that helps in lubrication
Goblet
Mucosa forms glands in stomach called -
Gastric glands
Mucosa forms crypts in between bases of villi called
Crypts of leiberkhun
The layers of the alimentary canal have network if nerve fibres called
Plexus
myentric plexus/plexus of auerbach controls ____________ and is present in_________
Peristaltic movements in in alimentary canal
Present in between lonitudinal and circular muscles of muscularis layer
Outer layer of mucosa us called
Muscularis(the second layer of ali. Canal is also called muscularis so dont get confused)
_____ contain fibres from both autonomic nervous systems (sym. And parasym.)
Myentric plexus or plexus of auerbach
Meissner plexus or submucosal plexus is present in between
Muscular coat and the mucosa(thats why it is called submucosal because submucosa is in between muscular coat or muscularis and the mucosa layer)
Meissner plexus or submucosal plexus controls?
Secretions of different digestive glands
Name the three digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal
Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
Name the 3 pairs of salivary glands
Parotids
Sub maxillary aka sub mandibular
Sub linguals
Whixh salivary glands are found near the cheek
Parotids
Which are the largest salivary glands
Parotid
Parotid open thru which duct
Stensons duct
Which salivary glands r found at lower jaw
sub maxillary or sub mandibular
Which salivary gl. Open thru whartons duct
Sub maxillary or submandibular
Which glands contribute maximally to saliva production
Sub maxillary or submandibular
Sub lingual salivary gland location
Found below tongue
Smallest salivary glands
Sub lingual
Sub lingual salivary gland open thru which duct
Rivinus duct
Daily secretion of saliva is how many litees
1.5
pH of saliva is
6.8
Saliva has ____ and ______ and _____ and _____
Salivary amylase or ptyalin
Lysozyme
Enzymes
Electrolytes like Na+, K+ Cl- HCO3-
Salivary amylase is aka
Ptyalin
Saliva is secreted by stimulation of which nervous system
ParaSympathetic
Saliva: reduced secretion. by stimulation of which nervous system
sympathetiv
which ions are required for activation of salivary amylase
Cl-
Which is the largest gland of the body
Liver
How much does the liver weigh
1.2 to 1.5 kg
Where is the liver situated
Abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm
Liver has two lobes, namely
Left, right
What are the structural and functional units of the liver
Hepatic lobules
Hepatic lobules cpntain hepatic cells arranged in the form of ?
Cords
Each hepatic lobule is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called the?
Glissons capsule
Hepatic cells secrete ____ which is transported to gall vladder thru hepatic ducts
Bile
Additional functions of liver include
Storage of Fat and urea synthesis
GAll bladeer has capcity of how many ml
30-50 ml
Inn gall bladded , bile is ___&____
Stored and concentrated
___&____ form the common bile duct
Duct of gall bladder(cystic duct) along with hepatic duct from the liver for, the common bile duct
The bile duct and the pancreatic duct open together in to duodenum as the _________ whoch is guarded by sphicter called?
Common hepato pancreatic duct
Sphicter of Oddi
______ is a compoundgland related to digestion
pancreas (both endo and exocrine)
Where are pancreas situated
Between limbs of C shaped duodenum
The ____ part of pancreas secreatesalkaline pancreatic juice containing various emzymes
Exocrine
The endocrine part of pancreas secrets (3)
Hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
Name the 2 ducts associated with pancreas
Duct of Santorini
Suct of Wirsung
Which is athe accessory or non functional duct, which opens into duodenum associated with pancreas
Duct of santorini
Function of duct of wirsung
Combines wihth bile duct to form common hepato pamcreatic duct
Buccal cavity has two major functions which are ?
Mastication of food
Facilitation of swallowing
Chemical process of digestion is initiated in the ?
Oral cavity
Ptyalin ( salivary amylase) hydrolyses _____% of starch into _______ at pH 6.8
30%
Disaccharide: maltose
Function of lysozyme in saliva
Antibacterial agent that prevents infections
Swallowing is aka
Deglutition
The ___ of stomach has gastric glands
Mucosa
Gastric glands have 3 major types of cellsnamely
Mucus neck cells
Peptic or chief cells
Parietal or oxyntic cells
Mucus neck cells secrete?
Mucous
Peptic or cheif cells secrete
Proenzyme called pepsinogen
Parietal or oxyntic cells secrete
HCl and intrinsic factor(factor that is essentoal for absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine)
What is intrinsic factor
factor that is essentoal for absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine
Stomach stores food for how many hrs
4-5
When food coming from the oesophagus mixes with gastric juice of the stomach by its churning movements, it is called?
Chyme
The proenzyme pepsinogen in exposure to HCl gets converted into active enzyme :____
Pepsin
Name the proteolytic enzyme of the stomach
Pepsin
Pepsin converts proteins into ___&____
Proteoses
Petpones(aka peptides)
The mucous and ___ in gastric jui e help in lubrication and prevent damaging of mucosal epithelim due to HCl (conc.)
Bicarbonates
pH of HCl in stomach (which is optmal for functioning of pepsin)
1.8
HCl ofhastric juice converts Fe?+ to Fe?+ , which makes absorption of iron possible
3+ (Ferric) to 2+(Ferrous)
Non secretion of HCl is called
Achlohydria
Non secretion of HCl or gastrectomy can lead to ____
Anemia
what is proteolytic enzymethat is found in gastric juice of infants whaich helps in digestion of milk proteins
Rennin
Samll amount of ___ are secreted by gastric glands
Lipases
Name the 3 secretions that are released into the small intestine
Bile
Pancreatic juice
Intestinal juice
Bile amd pancreatic juice are released into small intestine thru which duct
Hepato-pancreatic duct
Name the inactive enzymes(6) in pancreatic juice
Trypsinogen Chymotrypsin Procarboxypeptidases Amylases Lipases Nucleases
Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme called _____ which is secreted by the _____
Enterokinase
Intestinal mucosa
____ activates the other enzymes in pancreatic juice
Trypsin
Name the two bile pigments
Bilirubin
Bilivordin
Name the 3 bile salts
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium glycocholate
Sodium taurocholate
Just read this ❤️👌🏻
BILE HAS NO ENZYME
___helps in emulsification of fats
Bile
____ activates lipases
Bile
The intestinal mucosal epitheilium has _____ cells which secrete mucus
Goblet cells
The secretions of brush border cells along with goblet cells constitute ____
Intestinal juice or succus enteriicus
