body fluids and circulation level 1 Flashcards
plasma constitute ____ percent of blood
55%
formed elements form ____ percent of blood
45%
formed elements consist of ___ and ___
blood cells (erythro, leucocytes) blood platelets(thrombocyes)
blood cells consist of ___ and ____
erythrocytes
leucocytes
leucocytes consist of ___ and ___
granulocytes
agranulocytes
granulocytes consist of (3)
Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils
agranulocytes consist of ___
monocytes
lymphocytes
lymphocytes consist of (2)
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
___ forms matrix of blood
hint: it is straw colored
plasma
____ constitutes 90-92% of plasma
water
____ constitutes 6-8% of plasma
proteins
name the 3 main types of protein in plasma
fibrinogin
albumins
globulins
____ is an important clotting factor (present in plasma) produced by liver
fibrinogen
the three subtypes of globulins are
alpha globulins,
beta globulins,
gamma globulins.
which protein component of plasma is mainly involved in defense mechanisms of the body
globulins
____ globulins are antibodies which function in immune response of the body
gamma
alpha and beta globulin function
transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins
albumins help in ___
maintaining osmotic balance
why is osmotic balance needed (1 sentence)
needed to maintain blood volume and
pressure
Plasma contains small amounts of ____ like Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3–, Cl– etc
minerals
Plasma without the clotting proteins is called ____
serum
____ are the most abundant of all cell types in blood
erythrocyes
A healthy adult man on an average has _____ of RBCs/ mm3 of blood.
5 million to 5.5 million
In most of the mammals, RBCs are____ in shape and are without ____
biconcave
nucleus
shape of RBCs in camel and llama
oval (w/o nuclus)
Due to the absence of _____ RBCs respire _____
mitochondria
anaerobically
( so do not use up any of the oxygen they carry.)
Red blood cells also contain the enzyme____ which plays a role in carbon dioxide transport
carbonic anhydrase
A healthy individual has ___ to ___ gms of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood.
12-16
The formation of RBCs is known as _____
erythropoiesis
in embryo, erythropoesis is done in ____
yolk sac
in adult, erythropoesis is done in ___
red bone marrow
RBCs have life span around ___months.
4
___ transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
RBCs
CO2 is carried by haemoglobin as ____
carbamino-haemoglobin.
____ is the formation of blood.
Haemopoiesis
leucocytes are _____ per mm3 of blood.
6000-8000
leucocytes always move in ___ fashin
ameboid
Due to ____ability, leucocytes can squeeze through pores in capillary wall and move to a site of infection
movement in ameboid fashion
The movement of leucocytes through capillary walls is referred to as ___
diapedesis
____ are almost invisible under the microscope unless they are stained.
leucocytes
____are the second most numerous types of leucocytes
lymphocytes (20-25% of total WBCs)
lmyphocytes are responsible for the ____ of the body
immune responses
_____ are the largest lymphocytes of the body
monocytes
somewhat ameboid in shape
monocytes have ____ shaped nucleus
horse shoe or kidney shape
shape of lymphocyte nucleus
round
From blood, monocytes enter the tissues where
they become ____
macrophages.
eosinophiles have ___ shaped nucleus
bilobed
eosinophils have coarse granules which contain ____ and ____.
hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidases
The ____ have
antihistaminic properties. (They resist infections and are also associated with allergic reactions.)
eosinophils
eosinophils have similarity to the cell organelle ___
lysosome
_____ can attach themselves to
parasitic forms and cause their destruction by liberating lysosomal enzymes on their surfaces
eosinophils
____ are least abundant (0.5-1 percent) of the total WBCs.
basophiles
(memorize like they are at base ie. most down ie least)
nucleus of basophils shape
trilobed
____ cells secrete serotonin, heparin (an anti-coagulant) and histamine (a chemical involved in inflammation) etc.
basophil
another name for neutrophils
poly morpho nuclear leucocytes
most abundant cell in all WBCs
neutrophils (60-65%)
—- commonly squeeze
between the cells of the capillary walls and wander through the intercellular spaces and frm here move to infected areas of body
neutrophils
Formation of leucocytes is called ___
leucopoiesis.
Formation of leucocytes takes place in ___
bone marrow
B-lymphocytes mature in the ____ but T-lymphocytes mature in ____.
bone marrow
thymus
(memorize like b=bone marrow and b lymphocyte
& t = tymus and t lymphocyte)
life span of granulocytes in ___ to___ hrs in blood and __to__ days in tissues
4 to 8 hrs
4 to 5 days
life span of monocytes
10 to 20 hrs
life span of lymphocytes
few days or months or years
Rise in the WBC count is called ___
leucocytosis.
It usually occurs at the site of infection.
___ are the smallest of all formed elements
thrombocytes
Blood normally contains ____ platelets per mm3 of blood.
1,50,000 - 3,50,000
___ are cell fragments rather than true cells.
Thrombocytes
They are rounded or oval disc-like bodies
_____ lack nuclei and contain a few cell organelles and secretory granules in them.
Thrombocytes
thrombocytes are produced from special cells in the bone marrow called____
megakaryocytes.
Normal life span of blood platelets is about ___
a week
blood platelets are destroyed in the ___ & ___
spleen and liver.
Platelets can release a variety of substances
most of which are involved in __________
coagulation of blood
___ constitute most of the mass of a blood clot
Thrombocytes
Thrombocytes activate the clotting factors in plasma that results in formation of threads of ___
fibrin.
A reduction in the number of platelets is called _________which leads to excessive loss of blood from the body
thrombocytopenia
___is a group of bleeding diseases due to thrombocytopenia.
Purpura
Number of ____ increases during exercise and at high
altitudes.
RBCs
in later embryonic stage RBCs are manufactures by the ____ and ____
liver and spleen
____is also called graveyard of RBC
Spleen
____ agranulocytes are phagocytic and ____ are non phagocytic
monocyts are
lymphocytes are not
____ granulocytes take acidic stain
eosinophils
____ granulocytes take basic stain
basophils
_________ along with his coworker recognized four types of blood groups in human beings,
commonly known as ABO blood grouping
Karl Landsteiner (1901)
ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens on the RBCs namely __ and __
A and B
According to Landsteiner law, if an antigen is present on the RBCs, the corresponding antibody must be
____ from the plasma.
absent
It also states that if the antigen is absent on the RBCs, the corresponding antibody must be present in the plasma
clumping means?
destruction of RBCs
clumping is aka
agglutination
Transfusion errors that result in agglutination can lead to blockage of small blood vessels and cause ____
hemolysis
what is hemolysis
rupture of red blood cells
‘O’ group individuals are called ____
universal donors
which blood grp are known as universal recepiants
AB
Rh stands for _________in which these antigens were first discovered
rhesus monkey
Rh grouping was discovered by ____ and ____
Landsteiner and Wiener.
this isnt a question, but you should know wat thisword means:
erythroblastosis foetalis.
____is formed mainly of
a network of threads called fibrins
clot
clot is aka
coagulum
An injury or trauma stimulates the platelets in blood to release coagulation promoting substances called
____
thromboplastins
thromboplastins help in the formation of the enzyme complex ____
thrombokinase
Thrombokinase (in presence os Ca2+)converts an inactive protein ____, present in the plasma, into thrombin.
prothrombin
Thrombin is an enzyme which converts soluble fibrinogen of plasma into ____ _____
insoluble fibrin
____ is essential for both the activation and action of thrombin.
Ca2+ ions
Fibrins form a network of threads which ______________________of blood to form the
blood clot
traps dead and damaged formed elements of blood
Lymph is a ____ fluid (lacks haemoglobin) containing specialised ____ which are responsible for the immune responses of the body.
colourless
lymphocytes
lymph consists of___ and ____
plasma and leucocytes.
The lymphatic system comprises of (4)
lymphatic capillaries,
lymphatic vessels,
lymphatic nodes
lymphatic ducts.
Once ____ enters the lymphatic capillaries,
it is known as lymph.
tissue fluid
lymphatic vessels have ____ like veins
valves
the larger lymphatic vessels empty into one of two principal ducts : the ___duct (in the left) or the ___ duct (in the right).
thoracic
right lymphatic duct
the 2 major lymphatic ducts drain in to the lymph into the left and right ____ ___
subclavian veins
left and right subclavian veins connect with a
number of smaller veins and drain into the_______
superior vena cava
Lymph is filtered through ____
lymph nodes
lymph nodes are most abundantley present in (3)?
neck, groin and armpits
name 3 lymphoid organs
tonsils
thymus
spleen
2 functions of lacteals (hint: lymphatic vessesls in the SI)
absorbs fats from the intestine
release the absorbed fats into the blood stream.
location of lacteals
intestinal villi,
in open circulatory system, blood pumped by the
heart passes through large vessels into open spaces or body cavities called ___.
sinuses
open circulatory system is present in (2)
arthropodes
molluscs
How is lymph filtered? (1 sentnece)
Lymph is filtered in the lymph nodes as they contain phagocytic cells which help to remove
pathogens.
the heart is slightly tilted to the ___
left
heart embryonic layer
mesoderm
Heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag called ___
pericardium.
The pericardium consists
of two layers, an outer ___ pericardium and an inner ____pericardium attached to the heart
parietal
visceral
____ is present between the 2 layers of the pericardium
pericardial cavity
___ fluid is in the pericardial activity
pericrdial
true or false
The walls of the ventricles are much thicker than that
of the atria.
true
The right and the left atria are separated by a thin, muscular wall called the ____
interatrial septum
right and left ventricles are separated by THICK-walled ____
interventricular septum.
A THIC FIBEROUS tissue called the ___septum separates the atrium and the ventricle of the
same side.
atrio-ventricular
The ____refers to the repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart.
cardiac cycle
heart is tilted slightly to the ___
left
the AV valve between right atrium and right ventricle is called
tricuspid valve
the AV valve between light atrium and left ventricle is called
mitral valve or bicuspid valve
Special fibrous cords called the _____ are attached to the flaps of the bicuspid and tricuspid
valves at one end and their other ends are attached to the ventricular wall with the special muscles, called the ____
chordae tendinae
pappilary muscles
function of chordae tendinae
The chordae tendinae prevent the bicuspid and tricuspid valves from collapsing back
into the atria during powerful ventricular contractions.
name the 3 vessels in which semilunar valves are found
pulmonary artery
aorta
complete cardiac diastole last for ___ (time)
0.4 sec
atrial systole lasts for ___ sec.
0.1
ventricular systole lasts for ___ sec.
0.3
SAN —-> AVN —-> _________ —-> ________
bundle of His
Purkinje fibres
The nodal musculature has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli, i.e.,
it is ____
autoexcitable.
_____ is a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential (difference in electrical potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell) of a cell rapidly
rises and falls
Action potential
____ is called the pacemaker of the heart
SAN
Our heart normally beats __-__ times in a minute (average ___ beats min–1)
70-75
72
the no. of times our heart beats in a minute is called ___
heart rate
During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately __ mL of blood. this is called ___
70
stroke volume
The stroke volume multiplied by the number of beats per minute (heart rate) gives the _________
cardiac output
numerical value of cardiac output
5040 ml
• Isovolumetric systole/Contraction:
It is the duration between closure of AV valve and
opening of semilunar valve
Isovolumeteric diastole/Relaxation :
It is the duration between closure of semilunar valve
and opening of AV-valves.
the first heart sound is
lub
lub sound is produced by
It is produced by closing of AV valves
tricuspid and bicuspid valves
lub sound is produced during
ventricular systole
___ heart sound is low pitched and of long duration
lub
___ is the 2nd heart sound
Dub
dub is produced by ____
It is produced by closing of semilunar
valves
Dub sound is produced during
at the beginning of ventricular
diastole
wat is higher pitched and of short duration.
dub sound
where are the 3 electrical leads placed in ECG
1 on each wrist
one on left ankle
what does the p wave in ECG represent
represents electrical excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria which leads to contraction of both the atria
what does the QRS wave in ECG represent
represents the depolarisation of the ventricles, which initiates the ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)
what does the Point Q in ECG represent
marks the beginning of ventricular systole
what does the T wave in ECG represent
The T-wave represents the return of the ventricles from excited (depolarised) to normal state (i.e.,
repolarisation)
The end of the T-wave marks ____
the end of systole
by counting the number of ____ that occur in a given time period, the heart beat rate or pulse of an individual can be determined
QRS complexes
Enlargement of P-wave indicates _______________
enlargement of the atria.
The enlarged Q and R waves indicate?
myocardial infarction (heart attack).
The S-T segment is elevated in ___ and depressed when ____.
myocardial infarction
heart muscles receive insufficient oxygen
T-wave is flat when the heart muscles receive ____ as in ____ disease.
insuuecient oxygen
atherosclerotic heart
(Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries)
What is stroke volume
During one cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately 70 mL of blood. This is called
the stroke volume.
Who got the Nobel Prize for the development of ECG?
Willem Einthoven
path of pulmonary circulation with the vessels involved
The deoxygenated blood pumped into the pulmonary artery is passed on to the lungs from where the oxygenated
blood is carried by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. This pathway is known as pulmonary circulation.
just read this
systemic circulation:
oxygenated blood entering the aorta is carried by a network of arteries, arterioles and capillaries to tissues from where the deoxygenated blood is collected by a system of venules, veins and vena cava and
emptied into the right atrium.
the musculature wall of the ___ ventricle is thicker than that of the ___ ventricle.
left
right
why the musculature wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle
As the amount of work performed by the left ventricle is greater than that performed by the right ventricle
(cause the left ventricle has to pump blood to whole body and right ventricle only to lungs_
what is a portal vein
A portal vein is a vein which does not carry blood directly to heart but forms a network of capillaries in
another or intermediate organ before reaching the heart
function of renal portal system
The function of the renal portal system is to supply blood to renal tubules when glomerular filtration is absent or down regulated
renal portal vein brings blood
from__ and ___ to ___
tail and groin
kidney
in ___ and ___, renal portal system is found
which is reduced in __ and ___
but absent in ___, ____ & ___
fishes and amphibians
reptiles and birds
mammals, lampreys and hag fish.
A hypophyseal portal vein collects blood from ___ and enters the _____
hypothalamus
anterior lobe of pituitary.
There is a unique vascular connection between the digestive tract and liver called ____
hepatic portal system.
just read this
Coronary circulation: The flow of oxygenated blood from the ascending aorta to the heart muscles and
the return of deoxygenated blood from the heart muscles to the right atrium is called coronary (cardiac)
circulation. From the ascending aorta, the right and left coronary arteries arise which supply oxygenated
blood to the heart muscles. The deoxygenated blood from the heart wall is carried by the coronary veins
that join to form coronary sinus. The coronary sinus carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
The outermost layer of arteries/veins is the ___ and is composed of
tunica externa
fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres
what is tunica media composed of
smooth muscles and elastic fibres
the 2 parts of tunica interna or intima
elastic membrane
endothelium
elastic membrane of tunica interna is made of __
elastin protein
elastic membrane is thicker in ___
artery
endothelium is made up of
flattened squamous epithelium cells
____ cells are more elongated in the artery
endothelium
the walls of cappilaries are composed of
endothelium
______ (in the brain) can moderate the
cardiac function through autonomic nervous system
medulla oblongata
Sympathetic nerve endings release ____which stimulates the SAN that ___the
heart beat, the strength of ____
noradrenaline
accelerates
ventricular contraction
which part of ANS increases cardiac output
sympathtic
parasympathetic nerve endings release ____ which _____ the rate of heart beat, speed
of conduction of action potential
acetylcholine
decreases
The _____ secretes two hormones called adrenaline and noradrenaline
adrenal medulla
___ and ___ increase the heart beat and the strength of heart contraction
adrenaline
noradrenaline
High levels of ___ & ____ decrease heart rate.
potassium and sodium
An excess of ___ increase heart rate
calcium ions
hypertension is aka
high blood pressure
normal bp is
120/80
120 mmHg?
systolic blood pressure
80 mmHg?
diastolic pressure
diastoolic pressure is also called
resting pressure
if repeated checks of blood pressure of an individual result in pressure values around ___ or higher, it shows hypertension
140/90
Pulse pressure :
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. i.e., 120 – 180 = 40 mm Hg
Blood pressure is measured by an instrument called
sphygmomanometer
angina pectoris means ____
chest pain
angina pectoris is caused due to?
acute chest pain appears when not enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle.
angina pectoris is common among?
among the middle aged and elderly people
Heart failure?
It is the state of heart when it does not pump blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body
heart failure is aka and why
congestive heart failure because congestion of the lungs is one of the main symptoms
of this disease
Heart attack is aka
Myocardial infarction
Heart attack occurs when?
the heart muscles are suddenly damaged by inadequate blood supply.
Cardiac arrest means?
complete stoppage of the heart beat
Coronary Artery Disease is often referred to as?
atherosclerosis,
