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zoology > body fluids and circulation level 1 > Flashcards

body fluids and circulation level 1 Flashcards

1
Q

plasma constitute ____ percent of blood

A

55%

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2
Q

formed elements form ____ percent of blood

A

45%

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3
Q

formed elements consist of ___ and ___

A 
blood cells (erythro, leucocytes)
blood platelets(thrombocyes)
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4
Q

blood cells consist of ___ and ____

A

erythrocytes

leucocytes

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5
Q

leucocytes consist of ___ and ___

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

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6
Q

granulocytes consist of (3)

A

Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

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7
Q

agranulocytes consist of ___

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

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8
Q

lymphocytes consist of (2)

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

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9
Q

___ forms matrix of blood

A

hint: it is straw colored

plasma

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10
Q

____ constitutes 90-92% of plasma

A

water

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11
Q

____ constitutes 6-8% of plasma

A

proteins

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12
Q

name the 3 main types of protein in plasma

A

fibrinogin
albumins
globulins

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13
Q

____ is an important clotting factor (present in plasma) produced by liver

A

fibrinogen

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14
Q

the three subtypes of globulins are

A

alpha globulins,
beta globulins,
gamma globulins.

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15
Q

which protein component of plasma is mainly involved in defense mechanisms of the body

A

globulins

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16
Q

____ globulins are antibodies which function in immune response of the body

A

gamma

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17
Q

alpha and beta globulin function

A

transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins

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18
Q

albumins help in ___

A

maintaining osmotic balance

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19
Q

why is osmotic balance needed (1 sentence)

A

needed to maintain blood volume and

pressure

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20
Q

Plasma contains small amounts of ____ like Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3–, Cl– etc

A

minerals

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21
Q

Plasma without the clotting proteins is called ____

A

serum

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22
Q

____ are the most abundant of all cell types in blood

A

erythrocyes

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23
Q

A healthy adult man on an average has _____ of RBCs/ mm3 of blood.

A

5 million to 5.5 million

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24
Q

In most of the mammals, RBCs are____ in shape and are without ____

A

biconcave

nucleus

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25
Q

shape of RBCs in camel and llama

A

oval (w/o nuclus)

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26
Q

Due to the absence of _____ RBCs respire _____

A

mitochondria
anaerobically
( so do not use up any of the oxygen they carry.)

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27
Q

Red blood cells also contain the enzyme____ which plays a role in carbon dioxide transport

A

carbonic anhydrase

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28
Q

A healthy individual has ___ to ___ gms of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood.

A

12-16

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29
Q

The formation of RBCs is known as _____

A

erythropoiesis

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30
Q

in embryo, erythropoesis is done in ____

A

yolk sac

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31
Q

in adult, erythropoesis is done in ___

A

red bone marrow

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32
Q

RBCs have life span around ___months.

A

4

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33
Q

___ transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

A

RBCs

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34
Q

CO2 is carried by haemoglobin as ____

A

carbamino-haemoglobin.

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35
Q

____ is the formation of blood.

A

Haemopoiesis

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36
Q

leucocytes are _____ per mm3 of blood.

A

6000-8000

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37
Q

leucocytes always move in ___ fashin

A

ameboid

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38
Q

Due to ____ability, leucocytes can squeeze through pores in capillary wall and move to a site of infection

A

movement in ameboid fashion

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39
Q

The movement of leucocytes through capillary walls is referred to as ___

A

diapedesis

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40
Q

____ are almost invisible under the microscope unless they are stained.

A

leucocytes

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41
Q

____are the second most numerous types of leucocytes

A

lymphocytes (20-25% of total WBCs)

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42
Q

lmyphocytes are responsible for the ____ of the body

A

immune responses

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43
Q

_____ are the largest lymphocytes of the body

A

monocytes

somewhat ameboid in shape

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44
Q

monocytes have ____ shaped nucleus

A

horse shoe or kidney shape

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45
Q

shape of lymphocyte nucleus

A

round

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46
Q

From blood, monocytes enter the tissues where

they become ____

A

macrophages.

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47
Q

eosinophiles have ___ shaped nucleus

A

bilobed

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48
Q

eosinophils have coarse granules which contain ____ and ____.

A

hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidases

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49
Q

The ____ have

antihistaminic properties. (They resist infections and are also associated with allergic reactions.)

A

eosinophils

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50
Q

eosinophils have similarity to the cell organelle ___

A

lysosome

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51
Q

_____ can attach themselves to

parasitic forms and cause their destruction by liberating lysosomal enzymes on their surfaces

A

eosinophils

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52
Q

____ are least abundant (0.5-1 percent) of the total WBCs.

A

basophiles

(memorize like they are at base ie. most down ie least)

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53
Q

nucleus of basophils shape

A

trilobed

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54
Q

____ cells secrete serotonin, heparin (an anti-coagulant) and histamine (a chemical involved in inflammation) etc.

A

basophil

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55
Q

another name for neutrophils

A

poly morpho nuclear leucocytes

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56
Q

most abundant cell in all WBCs

A

neutrophils (60-65%)

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57
Q

—- commonly squeeze
between the cells of the capillary walls and wander through the intercellular spaces and frm here move to infected areas of body

A

neutrophils

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58
Q

Formation of leucocytes is called ___

A

leucopoiesis.

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59
Q

Formation of leucocytes takes place in ___

A

bone marrow

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60
Q

B-lymphocytes mature in the ____ but T-lymphocytes mature in ____.

A

bone marrow
thymus

(memorize like b=bone marrow and b lymphocyte
& t = tymus and t lymphocyte)

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61
Q

life span of granulocytes in ___ to___ hrs in blood and __to__ days in tissues

A

4 to 8 hrs

4 to 5 days

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62
Q

life span of monocytes

A

10 to 20 hrs

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63
Q

life span of lymphocytes

A

few days or months or years

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64
Q

Rise in the WBC count is called ___

A

leucocytosis.

It usually occurs at the site of infection.

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65
Q

___ are the smallest of all formed elements

A

thrombocytes

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66
Q

Blood normally contains ____ platelets per mm3 of blood.

A

1,50,000 - 3,50,000

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67
Q

___ are cell fragments rather than true cells.

A

Thrombocytes

They are rounded or oval disc-like bodies

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68
Q

_____ lack nuclei and contain a few cell organelles and secretory granules in them.

A

Thrombocytes

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69
Q

thrombocytes are produced from special cells in the bone marrow called____

A

megakaryocytes.

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70
Q

Normal life span of blood platelets is about ___

A

a week

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71
Q

blood platelets are destroyed in the ___ & ___

A

spleen and liver.

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72
Q

Platelets can release a variety of substances

most of which are involved in __________

A

coagulation of blood

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73
Q

___ constitute most of the mass of a blood clot

A

Thrombocytes

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74
Q

Thrombocytes activate the clotting factors in plasma that results in formation of threads of ___

A

fibrin.

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75
Q

A reduction in the number of platelets is called _________which leads to excessive loss of blood from the body

A

thrombocytopenia

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76
Q

___is a group of bleeding diseases due to thrombocytopenia.

A

Purpura

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77
Q

Number of ____ increases during exercise and at high

altitudes.

A

RBCs

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78
Q

in later embryonic stage RBCs are manufactures by the ____ and ____

A

liver and spleen

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79
Q

____is also called graveyard of RBC

A

Spleen

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80
Q

____ agranulocytes are phagocytic and ____ are non phagocytic

A

monocyts are

lymphocytes are not

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81
Q

____ granulocytes take acidic stain

A

eosinophils

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82
Q

____ granulocytes take basic stain

A

basophils

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83
Q

_________ along with his coworker recognized four types of blood groups in human beings,
commonly known as ABO blood grouping

A

Karl Landsteiner (1901)

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84
Q

ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens on the RBCs namely __ and __

A

A and B

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85
Q

According to Landsteiner law, if an antigen is present on the RBCs, the corresponding antibody must be
____ from the plasma.

A

absent

It also states that if the antigen is absent on the RBCs, the corresponding antibody must be present in the plasma

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86
Q

clumping means?

A

destruction of RBCs

87
Q

clumping is aka

A

agglutination

88
Q

Transfusion errors that result in agglutination can lead to blockage of small blood vessels and cause ____

A

hemolysis

89
Q

what is hemolysis

A

rupture of red blood cells

90
Q

‘O’ group individuals are called ____

A

universal donors

91
Q

which blood grp are known as universal recepiants

A

AB

92
Q

Rh stands for _________in which these antigens were first discovered

A

rhesus monkey

93
Q

Rh grouping was discovered by ____ and ____

A

Landsteiner and Wiener.

94
Q

this isnt a question, but you should know wat thisword means:

A

erythroblastosis foetalis.

95
Q

____is formed mainly of

a network of threads called fibrins

A

clot

96
Q

clot is aka

A

coagulum

97
Q

An injury or trauma stimulates the platelets in blood to release coagulation promoting substances called
____

A

thromboplastins

98
Q

thromboplastins help in the formation of the enzyme complex ____

A

thrombokinase

99
Q

Thrombokinase (in presence os Ca2+)converts an inactive protein ____, present in the plasma, into thrombin.

A

prothrombin

100
Q

Thrombin is an enzyme which converts soluble fibrinogen of plasma into ____ _____

A

insoluble fibrin

101
Q

____ is essential for both the activation and action of thrombin.

A

Ca2+ ions

102
Q

Fibrins form a network of threads which ______________________of blood to form the
blood clot

A

traps dead and damaged formed elements of blood

103
Q

Lymph is a ____ fluid (lacks haemoglobin) containing specialised ____ which are responsible for the immune responses of the body.

A

colourless

lymphocytes

104
Q

lymph consists of___ and ____

A

plasma and leucocytes.

105
Q

The lymphatic system comprises of (4)

A

lymphatic capillaries,
lymphatic vessels,
lymphatic nodes
lymphatic ducts.

106
Q

Once ____ enters the lymphatic capillaries,

it is known as lymph.

A

tissue fluid

107
Q

lymphatic vessels have ____ like veins

A

valves

108
Q

the larger lymphatic vessels empty into one of two principal ducts : the ___duct (in the left) or the ___ duct (in the right).

A

thoracic

right lymphatic duct

109
Q

the 2 major lymphatic ducts drain in to the lymph into the left and right ____ ___

A

subclavian veins

110
Q

left and right subclavian veins connect with a

number of smaller veins and drain into the_______

A

superior vena cava

111
Q

Lymph is filtered through ____

A

lymph nodes

112
Q

lymph nodes are most abundantley present in (3)?

A

neck, groin and armpits

113
Q

name 3 lymphoid organs

A

tonsils
thymus
spleen

114
Q

2 functions of lacteals (hint: lymphatic vessesls in the SI)

A

absorbs fats from the intestine

release the absorbed fats into the blood stream.

115
Q

location of lacteals

A

intestinal villi,

116
Q

in open circulatory system, blood pumped by the

heart passes through large vessels into open spaces or body cavities called ___.

A

sinuses

117
Q

open circulatory system is present in (2)

A

arthropodes

molluscs

118
Q

How is lymph filtered? (1 sentnece)

A

Lymph is filtered in the lymph nodes as they contain phagocytic cells which help to remove
pathogens.

119
Q

the heart is slightly tilted to the ___

A

left

120
Q

heart embryonic layer

A

mesoderm

121
Q

Heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag called ___

A

pericardium.

122
Q

The pericardium consists

of two layers, an outer ___ pericardium and an inner ____pericardium attached to the heart

A

parietal

visceral

123
Q

____ is present between the 2 layers of the pericardium

A

pericardial cavity

124
Q

___ fluid is in the pericardial activity

A

pericrdial

125
Q

true or false
The walls of the ventricles are much thicker than that
of the atria.

A

true

126
Q

The right and the left atria are separated by a thin, muscular wall called the ____

A

interatrial septum

127
Q

right and left ventricles are separated by THICK-walled ____

A

interventricular septum.

128
Q

A THIC FIBEROUS tissue called the ___septum separates the atrium and the ventricle of the
same side.

A

atrio-ventricular

129
Q

The ____refers to the repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart.

A

cardiac cycle

130
Q

heart is tilted slightly to the ___

A

left

131
Q

the AV valve between right atrium and right ventricle is called

A

tricuspid valve

132
Q

the AV valve between light atrium and left ventricle is called

A

mitral valve or bicuspid valve

133
Q

Special fibrous cords called the _____ are attached to the flaps of the bicuspid and tricuspid
valves at one end and their other ends are attached to the ventricular wall with the special muscles, called the ____

A

chordae tendinae

pappilary muscles

134
Q

function of chordae tendinae

A

The chordae tendinae prevent the bicuspid and tricuspid valves from collapsing back
into the atria during powerful ventricular contractions.

135
Q

name the 3 vessels in which semilunar valves are found

A

pulmonary artery

aorta

136
Q

complete cardiac diastole last for ___ (time)

A

0.4 sec

137
Q

atrial systole lasts for ___ sec.

A

0.1

138
Q

ventricular systole lasts for ___ sec.

A

0.3

139
Q

SAN —-> AVN —-> _________ —-> ________

A

bundle of His

Purkinje fibres

140
Q

The nodal musculature has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli, i.e.,
it is ____

A

autoexcitable.

141
Q

_____ is a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential (difference in electrical potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell) of a cell rapidly
rises and falls

A

Action potential

142
Q

____ is called the pacemaker of the heart

A

SAN

143
Q

Our heart normally beats __-__ times in a minute (average ___ beats min–1)

A

70-75

72

144
Q

the no. of times our heart beats in a minute is called ___

A

heart rate

145
Q

During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately __ mL of blood. this is called ___

A

70

stroke volume

146
Q

The stroke volume multiplied by the number of beats per minute (heart rate) gives the _________

A

cardiac output

147
Q

numerical value of cardiac output

A

5040 ml

148
Q

• Isovolumetric systole/Contraction:

A

It is the duration between closure of AV valve and

opening of semilunar valve

149
Q

Isovolumeteric diastole/Relaxation :

A

It is the duration between closure of semilunar valve

and opening of AV-valves.

150
Q

the first heart sound is

A

lub

151
Q

lub sound is produced by

A

It is produced by closing of AV valves

tricuspid and bicuspid valves

152
Q

lub sound is produced during

A

ventricular systole

153
Q

___ heart sound is low pitched and of long duration

A

lub

154
Q

___ is the 2nd heart sound

A

Dub

155
Q

dub is produced by ____

A

It is produced by closing of semilunar

valves

156
Q

Dub sound is produced during

A

at the beginning of ventricular

diastole

157
Q

wat is higher pitched and of short duration.

A

dub sound

158
Q

where are the 3 electrical leads placed in ECG

A

1 on each wrist

one on left ankle

159
Q

what does the p wave in ECG represent

A

represents electrical excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria which leads to contraction of both the atria

160
Q

what does the QRS wave in ECG represent

A

represents the depolarisation of the ventricles, which initiates the ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)

161
Q

what does the Point Q in ECG represent

A

marks the beginning of ventricular systole

162
Q

what does the T wave in ECG represent

A

The T-wave represents the return of the ventricles from excited (depolarised) to normal state (i.e.,
repolarisation)

163
Q

The end of the T-wave marks ____

A

the end of systole

164
Q

by counting the number of ____ that occur in a given time period, the heart beat rate or pulse of an individual can be determined

A

QRS complexes

165
Q

Enlargement of P-wave indicates _______________

A

enlargement of the atria.

166
Q

The enlarged Q and R waves indicate?

A

myocardial infarction (heart attack).

167
Q

The S-T segment is elevated in ___ and depressed when ____.

A

myocardial infarction

heart muscles receive insufficient oxygen

168
Q

T-wave is flat when the heart muscles receive ____ as in ____ disease.

A

insuuecient oxygen
atherosclerotic heart

(Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries)

169
Q

What is stroke volume

A

During one cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately 70 mL of blood. This is called
the stroke volume.

170
Q

Who got the Nobel Prize for the development of ECG?

A

Willem Einthoven

171
Q

path of pulmonary circulation with the vessels involved

A

The deoxygenated blood pumped into the pulmonary artery is passed on to the lungs from where the oxygenated
blood is carried by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. This pathway is known as pulmonary circulation.

172
Q

just read this

A

systemic circulation:
oxygenated blood entering the aorta is carried by a network of arteries, arterioles and capillaries to tissues from where the deoxygenated blood is collected by a system of venules, veins and vena cava and
emptied into the right atrium.

173
Q

the musculature wall of the ___ ventricle is thicker than that of the ___ ventricle.

A

left

right

174
Q

why the musculature wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle

A

As the amount of work performed by the left ventricle is greater than that performed by the right ventricle

(cause the left ventricle has to pump blood to whole body and right ventricle only to lungs_

175
Q

what is a portal vein

A

A portal vein is a vein which does not carry blood directly to heart but forms a network of capillaries in
another or intermediate organ before reaching the heart

176
Q

function of renal portal system

A

The function of the renal portal system is to supply blood to renal tubules when glomerular filtration is absent or down regulated

177
Q

renal portal vein brings blood

from__ and ___ to ___

A

tail and groin

kidney

178
Q

in ___ and ___, renal portal system is found
which is reduced in __ and ___
but absent in ___, ____ & ___

A

fishes and amphibians
reptiles and birds
mammals, lampreys and hag fish.

179
Q

A hypophyseal portal vein collects blood from ___ and enters the _____

A

hypothalamus

anterior lobe of pituitary.

180
Q

There is a unique vascular connection between the digestive tract and liver called ____

A

hepatic portal system.

181
Q

just read this

A

Coronary circulation: The flow of oxygenated blood from the ascending aorta to the heart muscles and
the return of deoxygenated blood from the heart muscles to the right atrium is called coronary (cardiac)
circulation. From the ascending aorta, the right and left coronary arteries arise which supply oxygenated
blood to the heart muscles. The deoxygenated blood from the heart wall is carried by the coronary veins
that join to form coronary sinus. The coronary sinus carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

182
Q

The outermost layer of arteries/veins is the ___ and is composed of

A

tunica externa

fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres

183
Q

what is tunica media composed of

A

smooth muscles and elastic fibres

184
Q

the 2 parts of tunica interna or intima

A

elastic membrane

endothelium

185
Q

elastic membrane of tunica interna is made of __

A

elastin protein

186
Q

elastic membrane is thicker in ___

A

artery

187
Q

endothelium is made up of

A

flattened squamous epithelium cells

188
Q

____ cells are more elongated in the artery

A

endothelium

189
Q

the walls of cappilaries are composed of

A

endothelium

190
Q

______ (in the brain) can moderate the

cardiac function through autonomic nervous system

A

medulla oblongata

191
Q

Sympathetic nerve endings release ____which stimulates the SAN that ___the
heart beat, the strength of ____

A

noradrenaline
accelerates
ventricular contraction

192
Q

which part of ANS increases cardiac output

A

sympathtic

193
Q

parasympathetic nerve endings release ____ which _____ the rate of heart beat, speed
of conduction of action potential

A

acetylcholine

decreases

194
Q

The _____ secretes two hormones called adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

adrenal medulla

195
Q

___ and ___ increase the heart beat and the strength of heart contraction

A

adrenaline

noradrenaline

196
Q

High levels of ___ & ____ decrease heart rate.

A

potassium and sodium

197
Q

An excess of ___ increase heart rate

A

calcium ions

198
Q

hypertension is aka

A

high blood pressure

199
Q

normal bp is

A

120/80

200
Q

120 mmHg?

A

systolic blood pressure

201
Q

80 mmHg?

A

diastolic pressure

202
Q

diastoolic pressure is also called

A

resting pressure

203
Q

if repeated checks of blood pressure of an individual result in pressure values around ___ or higher, it shows hypertension

A

140/90

204
Q

Pulse pressure :

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. i.e., 120 – 180 = 40 mm Hg

205
Q

Blood pressure is measured by an instrument called

A

sphygmomanometer

206
Q

angina pectoris means ____

A

chest pain

207
Q

angina pectoris is caused due to?

A

acute chest pain appears when not enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle.

208
Q

angina pectoris is common among?

A

among the middle aged and elderly people

209
Q

Heart failure?

A

It is the state of heart when it does not pump blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body

210
Q

heart failure is aka and why

A

congestive heart failure because congestion of the lungs is one of the main symptoms
of this disease

211
Q

Heart attack is aka

A

Myocardial infarction

212
Q

Heart attack occurs when?

A

the heart muscles are suddenly damaged by inadequate blood supply.

213
Q

Cardiac arrest means?

A

complete stoppage of the heart beat

214
Q

Coronary Artery Disease is often referred to as?

A

atherosclerosis,

zoology (9 decks)

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