Reproductive Gynaecology Flashcards
TRUE/FALSE
The reproductive cycle is entirely variable, therefore it is impossible to predict onset of the next mensturation
FALSE
Although cycle duration is variable there is a fixed 14 days from ovulation to onset
What are the 3 layers of the blastocyst?
Embryocele
Trophoblast
Blastocele
What hormone stimulates ovarian follicle development and granulose cells to produce oestrogen?
FSH
What two things in the follicular phase inhibit FSH production (in order to cause atresia to all but the dominant follicle)
^ Oestrogens
Inhibit by dominant follicle
What hormone surges 24-48h prior to ovulation?
LH
What 3 things happen in the luteal phase post ovulation?
Formation of corpus luteum
Progesterone production
Luteolysis
What hormone in the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle induces growth go endometrial glands and storm?
Oestrogen
What is the predominant hormone in the luteal phase?
Progesterone
What inhibits scar tissue formation in mensturation?
Firbinolysis
TRUE/FALSE
Glands and stroma in the secretory phase become more torturous
TRUE
What does post-menopausal endometrium look like?
non-cycling, inactive, thin and atrophic
How is the functional endometrial layer shed off?
As it outgrows the blood supply (the spiral arteries collapse)
What endometrial thickness in postmenopausal women would indicate that a biopsy is needed?
> 4mm
What is the average premenopausal endometrial thickness?
16mm
The corpus luteum function is to drive the ———- endothelium
Secretory endothelium
What 3 reasons make an endometrial biopsy difficult to interpret?
- Constant changes during reproductive life
- Changes due to hormone therapy
- Lack of clinical data
What are the two ways to get an endometrial sample using hysteroscopy?
- Endometrial pipelle
2. Dilation and Curettage
What 4 things is it important to check for evidence of on biopsy?
Endometriosis
Hyperplasia
Malignancy
Haemorrhage
TRUE/FASLE
The undifferentiated gonads of XX and XY are identical, can form ovaries or testes
TRUE
What 2 things do fetal testes secrete in order to stop ovaries developing?
Testerone
Mullerian Inhibiting Factor
What are the names of the 2 primitive genital tracts?
Wolffian duct
Mullerian duct
In Males which primitive genital tract remains?
Wolffian duct
In Females which primitive genital tract remains?
Mullerian duct
How early into development foes differentiation of external genitalia begin?
9WKS
From what age are you able to differentiate male from female on scan?
16wks
What do those with androgen insensitivity syndrome phenotypically look like?
Female genitalia
Absence of ovaries/uterus
Lack of pubic hair
How do you treat Androgen insensitivity syndrome?
Remove testes to prevent development of seminoma
Why is it important that the testes descend?
Lower temperature outside body to regulate spermatogenesis
Nervous reflex triggers dartos muscle contraction in scrotal sac
TRUE/FALSE
Those with cryptoorchism are infertile
FALSE
Commonly reduced sperm count nut if unilateral then usually fertile
Epididymus is located posterior to the testes TRUE/FALSE
TRUE
What 3 things could be the cause of small/difficult to palpate testes?
Cryptoorchism
Kallmanns
Kleinfelters
What is spermatogenesis?
Process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
How long does it take from undifferentiated diploid germ cells to multiply and be transformed into haploid spermatozoa?
3 months
What are the two function of testis?
1-Spermatogenesis
2-Production of testosterone
What in the testis produces testosterone?
Leydig cells
What in the testis produces sperm?
Seminiferous Tubules
Why is the acrosome important?
It contains enzymes for penetrating the ovum
6 functions of sertoli cells
- Form blood-testes barrier
- Provide nutrients for developing cells
- Phagocytosis
- Secrete seminiferous tubule fluid
- Secrete androgen binding globulin
- Secrete inhibit and activin hormones
How often is GnRH realised from the hypothalamus?
Every 2-3 hours
What does GnRH stimulate the anterior pituitary to produce?
LH
FSH
What is GnRH under negative feedback from?
Testosterone
What does LH act on in males?
Leydig cells
regulate testosterone secretion
What does FSH act on in males?
Sertoli cells
to enhance spermatogenesis
What are the effects of testosterone on an adult?
Controls spermatogenesis Secondary sexual characteristics Lidido Penile erection Aggressive behaviour
Where are the Sertoli cells located?
Seminiferous tubule
Where does fertilisation tend to happen?
Ampullary region of the fallopian tube
What forms 90% of the ejaculate volume?
seminal fluid
Why is seminal fluid alkaline?
To buffer vaginal acidity
What part of the male anatomy concentrates and stores sperm and is the site for its maturation?
Epididymus and vas deferens
Seminal vesicles produce semen into ejaculatory duct. What 3 others things are secreted alongside it and why?
Fructuose- Energy for sperm
Prostaglandins- Stimulate motility
Fibrinogen- Clot precursor
What 2 things does the prostate gland produce?
Alkaline fluid
Clotting enzymes
What do the bulbourethral glands secrete and why?
Mucous-lubricant
What is the route of sperm from the testes?
Testes Epididymus Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra
Erection is under which type of control?
Parasympathetic
What happens during erection?
Corpus cavenosum fills with blood
How is semen expelled from the urethra?
Contraction of accessory sex glands
Ejaculation is under what type of control?
Sympathetic
What 3 things may cause retrograde ejaculation?
- Diabetes
- Prostatic surgery
- Anticholinergic drugs
