Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ADELE-Repro Ramblings > Breast > Flashcards

Breast Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the breast?

A

Glandular tissue
Stroma
Lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is oestrogen and progesterone released by?

A

Ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is prolactin released from?

A

Pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Tietze syndrome also known as?

A

Costocondritis (will rub hand up and down sternum when describing, aggravated by exercise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Benign breast disease is responsible for what proportion of symptomatic ladies?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the common demographic for fibroadenoma?

A

20-30

African Women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What condition is described as a breast mouse?

A

Fibroadenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is a diagnosis of fibroadenoma confirmed?

A

US core biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fibroadenoma are biphasic TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

Epithelial and stromal component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Non-cyclic is less responsive to treatment that cyclic mastalgia TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If someone presents with mastalgia what is the treatment?

A

Thank you, next

IF you want to be of help…
Reassure, advise regular exercise and well fitting bra
Tamoxifen effective in 65%-90% pain but interferes with contraception and may bring on menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What lumps in the breast are tender esp before mensuration, may be multiple and/or bilateral and in the late reproductive years?

A

Cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is used to diagnose and treat a cyst?

A

FNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most common aetiology of spontaneous nipple discharge?

A

Intraductal papilloma or papillomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why should all intraductal lesions be excised and histologically evaluated?

A

Not to miss the rare intraductal papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Paget’s disease of the nipple?

A

High grade DCIS extending along ducts to reach the epidermis of the nipple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does Paget’s disease usually present?

A

Dry, scaly, eczematous lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is the diagnosis of Paget’s disease made?

A

Histological tissue biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Causes of gynaecomastia?

A

Endogenous/exogenous hormones
Cannabis
Prescription drugs
Liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do you get in gynaecomastia?

A

Get ducts without the lobular development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fibrocystic change is v common with the most common age group being 40-50 TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fibrocystic change usually resolves or diminishes after menopause TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Under the microscope what type of change are there thin walled microscope cysts, that may have a fibrotic wall and are lined by apocrine epithelium?

A

Fibrocystic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are two types of sclerosis lesions?

A

Sclerosing adenosis

Radial scar/complex sclerosing lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What histologically has a fibroelastic scar, radiating fibrosis containing distorted ductules, fibrocystic change and epithelial proliferation?

A

Radial scar/complex sclerosing lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

90% of periductal mastitis affects?

A

Smokers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

If you tried to operate on someone with periductal mastitis then you would get…

A

Mammary fistula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the diagnostic and therapeutic treatment for breast abscess?

A

Aspiration
(can be sent for microbiological analysis)
Has to be repeated every 3 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What may present with pain, acute episodic episodes, bloody/purulent discharge, fistulation, nipple retraction and distortion?

A

Duct ectasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Duct ectasia is associated with smoking. If you stop smoking it will go away. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is non puerperal mastitis due to?

A

Duct ectasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the treatment for nonpueral mastitis?

A

Augmentin or Cephalexin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

If chronic mastitis and there is periareolar fistulae when should it be excised?

A

When the inflammation is quiescent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How does adenolipoma present?

A

Smooth Palpable lump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is fat necrosis caused by?

A

Local trauma

Warfarin therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fat necrosis even when it resides may still leave a characteristic mammography lesion. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does this describe?

A palpable milk-filled cyst most commonly associate diet pregnancy/lactation

A

Galactocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What can be used to diagnose and treat a galactocele?

A

FNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is Mondor’s disease?

A

Phlebitis and subsequent clot formation in the superficial (skin) veins of the breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How does Mondor’s disease present?

A

Firm, Vertical, Cord-like structures usually associated with a history of trauma to the breast e.g. surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Phyllodes tumour is often described as ……. like

A

Leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What do phyllodes tumours resemble in clinical presentation and cytology?

A

Fibroadenomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How can phyllodes tumours be differentiated from fibroadenomas?

A

Larger (3-6cm)
Tend to occur in older women (35-45y)
Tend to increase in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The diagnosis of phyllodes tumour requires histological verification TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Phyllodes tumours are biphasic, which component is neoplastic?

A

Stromal component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How do intraductal papilloma present?

A

Age 35-60
Asymptomatic at screening (nodules, calcification) OR
nipple discharge +- blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is intraductal papilloma?

A

Rare intracystic carcinoma which occurs within a cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the most common histological type of breast cancer?

A

Ductal carcinoma

49
Q

What are the typical findings of a ductal carcinoma?

A

Stellate solid mass or pleomorphic casting microcalcification

50
Q

US is not effective if evaluating calcifications TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

51
Q

What is used to get the definitive diagnosis of ductal carcinoma?

A

Image-guided tissue core-needle biopsy

52
Q

What is micro invasive carcinoma?

A

High grade DCIS with invasion of <1mm

Rare, treat as high grade DCIS

53
Q

Where does DCIS arise?

A

TDLU, Characteristically unicentric

54
Q

What is DCIS often perceived as on mammography screening?

A

Malignant calcifications (usually pleomorphic and non casting type)

55
Q

what is the definitive diagnosis method used for DCIS?

A

Stereotactic vacuum-assisted core biopsy

56
Q

Why is unilateral single duct nipple discharge worrying?

A

Sign of DCIS

57
Q

Lobular carcinoma spreads diffusely with a typical histological ——- —— pattern

A

Indian file

58
Q

Survival for breast cancer is super high TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE
1y- 96%
5y-87%
10y-78%

59
Q

1 in - women will develop breast cancer

A

8

60
Q

Define breast cancer

A

A malignant tumour of breast epithelial cells which have breached the BM. It arises in the glandular epithelium of the terminal ductal lobular unit. (ADENOCARCINOMA)

61
Q

Breast cancer. Physical activity is protective and NSAID’s lower risk?

A

TRUE

62
Q

Where is the incidence for breast cancer highest?

A

Europe

63
Q

What HRT reduces the risk of breast cancer?

A

Oestrogen-only HRT

Combined- oestrogen and progesterone increases the risk

64
Q

If there is a 1st degree relative with breast cancer how does this affect their risk?

A

It doubles the risk

65
Q

What are the 4 highest relative risk factors for the development of breast cancer?

A

Gene mutation
Lobular carcinoma in situ
Ductal carcinoma in situ
Atypical Hyperplasia

66
Q

Why does peau d’orange occur?

A

Caused by oedema, tissues can’t expand due to coopers ligaments, therefore the skin has a puckered appearance.

67
Q

In breast cancer with a score of 3,4 or 5 what grade would you be?

A

Grade 1

68
Q

What are the 3 hormone receptors that are important to consider when deciding what treatment to use in breast cancer?

A

ER
PR
HER2

69
Q

The survival is better if ER+, PR+ and HER2+ TRUE/FAL;SE

A

FALSE

survival is better is ER+ and PR+ but HER2-

70
Q

If have the ER receptor positive then what additional therapy may be of some benefit?

A

OOphrectomy
Tamoxifen
Aromatase inhibitor (Latrozole)
GnRH antagonsits

71
Q

If HER2 positive then what drug can be used?

A

Trastuzamab (Herceptin)

72
Q

The Nottingham prognostic index only takes one thing into account, what is this?

A

Histopathology

73
Q

How is NPI calculated?

A 
0.2 x tumour diameter (cm)
to interpret ( excellent if below 3, poor if above 5.4ish)
74
Q

What is the triple assessment done at the one-stop shop for breast cancer?

A

Clinical - H&E
Imaging- Mammography, US and MRI
Pathology- Cytopathology, Histopathology

75
Q

What is the technique used in order to get a sample for cytopathology?

A

FNA

76
Q

Different tissues are aspirated to a different extent. What is the pattern of the epithelial tissues?

A

Flat cohesive honeycomb pattern

77
Q

TRUE/FALSE

You can tell the difference on a needle core biopsy between carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma

A

DAMN GIRL DAT BE TRUE

This is what makes it different from cytopathology

78
Q

If disease is impalpable then how are mammographs taken?

A

Insert a wire first and then take the mammographs

79
Q

If breast conserving surgery is chosen as a treatment option then radiotherapy is used alongside. How is the radiotherapy administered?

A

Administered in daily fractions (5 days a week) for 3-6 weeks

80
Q

When would have have radiotherapy post-mastectomy?

A

Involvement of 3+ nodes
Positive surgical margins
Tumours >5cm

81
Q

What does total mastectomy remove?

A

The entire breast inc the overlying skin and axillary lymph nodes

82
Q

What muscle is preserved in mastectomy and facilitates wound healing and potentially allow reconstruction?

A

Pectoralis major

83
Q

Long term survival is the same for BCS and Mastectomy. I ain’t even saying is it TRUE/FALSE. IT’S TRUE!

A

TRUE (did you seriously just turn over the card)

84
Q

Having a mastectomy reduces the chances of cancer. TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE-IT does not reduce the chances

85
Q

Name 4 risks of implants

A

Infection
Capsular contracture
Implant rippling
Implant migration

86
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The breast implant is put in just infront of the pectorals major muscle

A

FALSE

It is just under the muscle

87
Q

What percentage of women get an infection and lose the implant?

A

1 in 4

88
Q

What is a sentinel node biopsy?

A

Labelled radioisotope, blue dye injected into the aureola and the sentinel nodes pick up the blue dye and they are removed

89
Q

Why is axillary node clearance associated with heavy arm?

A

Due to lymphoma

90
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Aromatase inhibitors are more effective than tamoxifen neoadjuvantly

A

TRUE (Reserved for postmenopausal women)

Non difference in survival when used adjuvantly

91
Q

Radiotherapy is often used Neo-adjuvantly TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE

It is never used for that purpose , can be used adjuvant though(halves the risk of recurrence)

92
Q

How is adjuvant radiotherapy usually given?

A

External beam over 3 weeks

indication to boost treatment would be young age or positive margins

93
Q

What is the most commonly used hormonal therapy?

A

Tamoxifen

94
Q

How do gCSF injections produce severe axial skeleton pain?

A

from marrow stimulation

95
Q

Name two things that taxes induce (as SE)

A

Myalgia

Peripheral neuroapthy

96
Q

HER2 receptor is found over expressed in what percentage of breast cancers?

A

15%

97
Q

What drug is 1st line for treatment of metastatic breast cancer?

A

Bevacizumab

98
Q

What drug can be given palliatively for those with bone mets from breast cancer?

A

Bisphosphonates ( as prevention)

99
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis if there is bone pain after breast cancer?

A

Metastasis

100
Q

Who group of patients might have a positive bone scan even though they do not have mets?

A

Those with osteoporosis

101
Q

Should you care about neutropenia following chemotherapy?

A

YES obv

102
Q

If patient has hot flushes with tamoxifen/AI then what can be given?

A

Clonidine

103
Q

Mirena coil is CI if there has been breast cancer TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

104
Q

If there appears a new lump post treatment unless cancer is extremely aggressive it is unlikely to be a met. What is it most likely?

A

Fat necrosis- due to tissue damage

105
Q

With HER-2 positive breast cancer where do the mets preferentially go to?

A

CNS and Pleura

106
Q

Where does lobular breast cancer preferentially go to?

A

Peritoneum

Gut

107
Q

Where do most breast cancers occur?

A

In the upper outer quadrant

hence why an oblique view on mammography is used

108
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Women with denser breasts are at higher risk of breast cancer

A

TRUE

109
Q

What does mammography look for?

A

Calcification

110
Q

Most young women have dense (more fibroglandular tissue) breasts therefore it is easier to detect cancer TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE c’mon

111
Q

When does calcification look suspicious?

A

if it is in a line “looks like it is rough and sharp if rubbed between fingers”

112
Q

TRUE/FALSE

If lots of fatty breast tissue then the sensitivity of the mammogram will be high

A

TRUE

113
Q

A biopsy should be done in all women if there is a soft grey lump on USS TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE

No longer biopsy or follow up in women under 40 if there is a soft grey lump on USS

114
Q

What is there commonest breast lump in those <30?

A

Fibroadenoma

115
Q

What is the commonest breast lump in those 30-50?

A

Cyst

116
Q

What is the commonest breast Lump in those >50?

A

Cancer

117
Q

On USS is a lump has echoes in it then it is solid, if it is entirely black then it is what?

A

A cyst

118
Q

What is the difference in biopsy size for lumps v calcification?

A

14G for lumps

11G for calcification

119
Q

Common sites of mets from breast cancer are…

A 
Brain
Bones
Liver
Lung
Pleura

ADELE-Repro Ramblings (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions