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Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Alcohol consumption by mother causes

A

Impaired migration of neuronal and glial cell

Smooth philtrum
Thin vermilion
Small palpebral fissures
Mental retardation and microcephaly
Heart and limb defects
Heart and lung fistula
Holoprosencephaly
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2
Q

Neonatal abstinence synd

A

Features in newborn which suddenly are withdrawn from maternal opiate effect
Seen as diarrhoea tremors seizures high pitched crying problem sucking

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3
Q

Hcg therapy is used

A

To triger ovulation in an oocyte donor when her follicles are matured enough

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4
Q

Pulsatile GnRh therapy is used in

A

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadal anovulation to stimulate ovulation

These pts have intact pituitary and ovarian function but have problems concieving because of disordered hypothalamic GnRH secretion

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5
Q

Clomiphene citrate is antiestrogen

Used to stimulate ovulation in

A

Pts with normal gondotropin and normal prolactin and thyroid pts
They simply have ovulatory failure

Clomiphene being antiestrogen blocks the hypothalamic feedback. Gnrh increases fsh and lh increases ovulation occurs

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6
Q

Genetic disorder with dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules
Barr body presence in male
Fsh and estrogen are high
Inhibin b and testosterone are low

A

Kleinfelter syndrome

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7
Q

Shortened 4th metacarpal

A

Turners

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8
Q

Turners cause is

A

Meiotic non disjunctjon or mitotic non disjunction
Most commonly it is sperm lacking a sex chromosome— paternal loss of x or y chromosome

If mitotic non dysjunction —seen in zygote and leads to mosaicism

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9
Q

Gonadoblastoma in turners is seen with what type of genetics

A

When turners is due to mosaicism

45X/46XX

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10
Q

Premature ovarian failure causez

A

Smoking
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy

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11
Q

Treatment of pid shud include

A

Drugs targetting both neisseria gono and chlamydia trachomatis

third gen cephalosporin and azithromycin/ doxycycline

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12
Q

Semen characteristics in congenital abs of vas deferens

A

Low sperm volume

Acidic ph of semen

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13
Q

Major organisms for pid

A

N gono

Chlamydia trachomatis

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14
Q

Use of flutamide in prostate cancer

A

Used concurrently with long acting GnRh agonist like leuprolide which initially causes lh and testosterone release transient effect
To counteract this testosterone receptor antagonist like flutamide is given
Can reduce growth of tumour and metastasis

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15
Q

Use of aromatase inhibitors

A

Anastrozole
Used in postmenopausal females with ER positive breast cancer
Inhibits peripheral conv of androgens to estrogen

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16
Q

Uses of finasteride

A

It is 5 alpfa reductase inhibitor

Prostatic hypertrophy
Male pattern baldness ( effect of DHT)

Blocks testosterone to DHt peripheral conversion

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17
Q

Name serms

A

Tamoxifen

Raloxifene

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18
Q

Why are tamoxifen and raloxifen called modulators

A

Because they have mixed agonist/ antagonist action

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19
Q

Side effects of serm therapy

A

Hot flashes

Deep vein thrombosis and others veins

Endometrial carcinoma/hyperplasia with tamoxifen only

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20
Q

Why is prolactinoma associated with infertility in both males and females

A

Because prolaction is inhibitory of GnRH SECRETION at hypothalamus

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21
Q

Prolactin secretion is controlled by

A

Trh and vip has positive role in secretion

Dopamine inhibits secretion

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22
Q

Testicular atrophy and gynaecomastia are seen in both anabolic steroid abuse as well as kleinfelters syndrome

What symptoms can differentiate

A

Acne aggressive behaviour
Male pattern baldness and early epiphyseal closure (short height) is anabolic steroid abuse

On other hand ks has azospermia, tall height, cognitive impairement, absence of secondary sexual characterisitics

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23
Q

Most common malignancy in struma ovarii

A

Papillary thy ca
Followed by
Follicular thy ca

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24
Q

Newborn crying tremors tachypnea sneezing diarrhoea

Increased tone points to what syndr

A

Neonatal abstinence syndrome

Due to withdrawal from maternal opiate effect

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25
Q

Treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome

A

Give opiates since it is opiate withdrawal symptoms

Give morphine or methadone

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26
Q

Cvs manifestation of congenital rubella

A

PDA

peripheral pulmonic stenosis

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27
Q

Classic clinical triad of congenital rubella is?

A

SNHL— deaf child
Cataracts—- white pupils
PDA- continuous murmur in left infracl region

28
Q

Who all can be given rubella live attenuated vaccine

A

Children 12 to 15 months
Children 4 to 6 years
Non pregnant women with negative serum rubella antibodies

Avoid preg for 1 month after this live rubella vaccine

29
Q

Treatment of rubella

A

No drug to treat rubella once it has occured

30
Q

Hiv fusion inhibitor drug is named

A

En-fu-viritide

Is a new fusion inhibitor approved for hiv

31
Q

Interferons are used to treat

A

Hep B and C
hairy cell leukemia
Condyloma acuminatum
Kaposis sarcoma

32
Q

Most adult women with rubella has what sequelae

A

Polyarthralgia

Polyarthritis

33
Q

P57 is a ihc marker for

A

Complete mole
P57 is a imprinted gene
Hence lack of p57 is complete mole

34
Q

Endodermal sinus tumours also known as yolk sac tumour of ovaries have characteristic histology known as

A

Schiller duval bodies which resemble glomeruli

Serum AFP is raised in yst

35
Q

Fried egg cell with large round nucleus surrounded by clear cytoplasm
Which ovarian tumour is this

A

Dysgerminona

36
Q

Hormones secreted by dysgerminoma

A

B hcg and LDH

37
Q

Estrogen and inhibin secreting tumours of ovaries are

A

Granulosa cell tumours

They are sex cord stromal neoplasms

38
Q

Histopatho of granulosa cell tumour of ovary is

A

Coffee bean groove in nucleus

Known as call-exner bodies within atypical granulosa cells

39
Q

Psammoma bodies are seen in which ovarian tumour

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

40
Q

Hirsuitism and clitoromegaly is seen in which rare ovarian tumour

A

Testosterone secreting Leydog-sertoli cell tumour

41
Q

Name the types of sex cord stromal neoplasms of ovaries

A

1- granulosa cell tumour

2- leydig- sertoli neoplasm

42
Q

Glycogen deficient vaginal epithelium

A

Estrogen deficiency from premature ovarian failure or menopause

Results in flatenning of labial folds and vaginal rugae causing dyspareunia

43
Q

Increased endometrial gland to stromal ratio

A

Endometrial hyperplasia

Has intermentrual bleeding

44
Q

Prostate biopsy

Large vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli

A

Prostatic adenoca

45
Q

17 alpha hydroxylase inhibitor is named—— used to treat——

A

Abira-tirone
Used to treat advanced prostatic adenoca
To stop extratesticular androgen production from adrenal glands and tumour cells via cytop450 enz 17 alpha reductase
Which converts pregnelone and progesterone to DHEA /androstenedione

46
Q

Hyperthyroidism in ovarian tumour

A

Struma ovarii

Biopsy of ovary shows mature thyroid tissue

47
Q

Whst associated clinical features are seen in pts with complete mole

A 
Uterus out of proportion to dates
Preeclampsia
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperemesis
Theca leutin ovarian cysts
48
Q

What cells are seen in placental site gtn

A

Anaplastic intermediate trophoblast proliferation

49
Q

Placental site trophoblastic tumour produces what hormone

A

HPL

50
Q

Side effect of oral isoretenin therapy for cystic acne

A 
Teratogenic
Pseudotumur cerebri
Hyperlipidemia
Myalgia
Dry skin- cheilitis
51
Q

Aromatase is a key enz for conversion of androgens to estrogen
Genetic def is ar or ad

A

AR

52
Q

Males with aromatase deficiency will have

A

Tall stature because no estrogen from epiphyses closure

Osteoporosis because of lack of estrogen
But no genital abn

53
Q

Female fetus with aromatase def will have

A

Internal female organs
External genitalia are ambiguous because of no estrogen and more androgens

At puberty will have primary amenorrhoea, tall height and osteoporosis

54
Q

DHT. Deficiency

Dihydrotestosterone def is seen in

A

5 alpha reductase def

55
Q

Reduced glucocorticoids and androgen
Increased mineralocorticoids
What syndr

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Enz def is 17 alpha hydroxylase

56
Q

Ambiguous genitalia in males with salt retention and hypertension
In what syndr

A

CAH with only mineralocortocoid production

Ie 17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency

57
Q

Ambiguous genitalia in females
Salt wasting and hypotension
What syndrome

A

CAH due to 21 hydroxylase def
Here only androgens are produced hence virilisarion of female fetus
No glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid produced hence salt wasting and hypotension

58
Q

Proliferation of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast with no villi in post partum d and c
May have lung metastasis
Usually extremely high b hcg

A

Choriocarcinoma

Cytotrphoblast are mononuclear
Syncytiotrophoblast are multinuclear
No villi

59
Q

—-drug is used to treat trichomonal vaginitis and ——-

When pt taking this medicine takes alcohol it causes——reaction due to accumulation of —

A

Metronidazole
Bacterial vaginosis
Disulfiram like reaction
Accumulation of acetaldehyde

60
Q

A person taking anabolic steroids shud have normal or high testosterone
If he has low testosterone
It indicates consumption of what

A

Synthetic androgens like tren-bolone

61
Q

Causes of oligospermia

A

Ej duct obst—-all hormone normal
Primary hypogondasim- testo low.. gonadotropins high
Secondary hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism—- all low

Partial androgen resistence— normal fsh, high LH AND TESTOsterone

62
Q

Microrganisms for acute bacterial prostatitis

A

All are gm negative because their fimbrae hve adhesins having specific tropism for urothelial and mucosal cells

ECOLI
PROTEUS
KLEIBSELLA
PSEUDOMONAS

63
Q

Cervical infection with gm negative diplococci

Kidney shaped organism in leukocytes

A

Neiseeria gonoccoi

64
Q

Complication of vzv

Complication of hsv 2

A

Vzv— post herpetic neuralgia

Hsv2– reactivation genital ulcers and lesions

65
Q

Urinary analgesic for relief of dysuria

A

Phenazo-pyridine

66
Q

What protooncogenes code for cytoplasmic signal transducer proteins
When mutated cause constitutive activation of signals and henceproliferation and malignancy

A

Signal transduce protein genes RAS(pancreatic cancer)

BRAF (melanoma)

Flash Facts (23 decks)

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