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Anatomy 25 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 elements that make up the reproductive system?

A

1) Gonads
2) Tubular systems
3) External genitalia

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2
Q

Why does the scrotum migrate downward?

A

Viable sperm cannot be created at core body temperature.

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3
Q

How does the scrotum respond to external temperature?

A

Through the dartos and cremaseter muscles, pulling the scrotum up or down.

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4
Q

What is the dartos muscle and its function?

A

layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia. Responsible for wrinkling the scrotal skin to reduce heat loss.

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5
Q

What is the cremaster muscle and its function?

A

bands of skeletal muscle that extend inferiorly from internal oblique muscles of the trunk and responsibly for elevating the testes. Relax under hot conditions.

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6
Q

What are the layers of the scrotum?

A

1) Tunica Vaginalis (initially processus vaginalis before balls drop): serous sac enclosing the testes. Remnant of peritoneum.
- - Superficial parietal layer: intermediate cavity containing serous fluid
- - Visceral layer: hugs surface of testes
2) Tunica albuginea: fibrous capsule of the testes. deep to the visceral layer of tunica vaginalis.

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7
Q

This divides the scrotum into left and right halves

A

The septum

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8
Q

This divides the testis into 200-500 lobules

A

Septal extensions of tunica albuginea

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9
Q

What do the lobules contain?

A

1-4 seminiferous tubules, which are the sperm factories.

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10
Q

How does the rete testis receive sperm?

A

through the semineferous tubules that converge to form a straight tubule that then convey sperm into the rete testis

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11
Q

Where does sperm go after it leaves the rete testis?

A

sperm leaves the rete testis through a dozen efferent ductules that then enter the epididymis

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12
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

complex network of tiny branching tubules

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13
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

comma shaped structure that hugs the posterior surface of the testis. Where sperm matures.

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14
Q

What are the components of the epididymis?

A

1) head: contains efferent ductules which empty into the 2) duct of the epididymis. duct of epidiymis is a highly coiled duct that completes the 3) head and forms all of the 4) body and tail of this organ

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15
Q

True/False: the duct of the epididymis is longer than the entire intestine

A

True!

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16
Q

What type of epithelium are the seminiferous tubules made of?

A

thick stratified epithelium

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17
Q

What is spermatagonia and its function?

A
  • stem cells that form sperm

- lie peripherally on the basil lamina

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18
Q

what is the pampiniform plexus?

A

venous network in the scrotum

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19
Q

what do the spermatogonia cells divide into?

A

Spermatagonium –> splits into Type A daughter cell (stays at basal lamina) and Type B daughter cell –> enters meiosis I, primary spermatocyte –> meiosis I completed, secondary spermatocytes –> Meiosis II, early spermatids –> late spermatids –> sperm

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20
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

75 days

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21
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A
  • cells that surround the spermatogenic cells.

- assist in sperm production

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22
Q

How do sertoli assist in sperm production?

A

1) convey nutrients to spermatogenic cells
2) actively move cells toward the tubule lumen
3) phagocytize the cytoplasm that is shed during sperm formation
4) secrete testicular fluid into the lumen

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23
Q

What is the pathway of semen?

A

1) Seminiferous tubules are the sites of sperm production.
2) Seminiferous tubules converge to form a straight tubule which conveys semen into the rete testis.
3) From the rete, sperm migrate through efferent ductules into the epididymis.
4) Sperm mature in epididymis.

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24
Q

What are the stages of spermatogenesis?

A

1) spermatogonia cells are located on the outer region of the seminiferous tubule on the epithelial basal lamina. Sustenocytes surround.
2) spermatogonia divide via mitosis. Haploid stay. Diploid cells grow and meiosis I begins – differentiate into primary spermatocyte. Meiosis I ends.
3) primary spermatocyte divides into two secondary spermatocytes. Meiosis II begins.
4) each secondary spermatocyte carries out the second division of meiosis to produce two spermatids
5) spermatids become associated with sertoli cells, which help the spermitids develop into spermatozoa
6) sperm detach from the sertoli cells and are carried out of the testis by fluid in the seminiferous tubule

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25
Q

What is the ejaculation pathway?

A

1) Mature sperm travel from the epididymis through the vas deferens. The sperm arrive first at the ampulla, where secretions from the seminal vesicle are added.
2) From the ampulla, seminal fluid is propelled forward through the ejaculatory ducts toward the urethra, passing first by the prostate gland, where a milky fluid is added to form semen, through spongy urethra.
3) Finally, the semen is ejaculated through the far end of the urethra.

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26
Q

Describe the location of the ejaculatory duct.

A

locate at the junction of the ampulla of the ductus deferns and the duct of the seminal gland. Passes through the prostate and empties into the prostatic urethra.

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27
Q

Which pair of accessory glands produce the majority of semen?

A

seminal, 60%

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28
Q

Which erectile tissue does the urethra pass through? What is this portion called?

A

corpus spongiosum; spongy urethra

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29
Q

What is the function of a tight junction in sperm formation?

A

situated between adjacent sustenocytes and forms the blood testis barrier, which protects sperm from attack by the immune system.

30
Q

What are the components of the head, midpiece and tail of the sperm?

A

Head: contains nucleus
Midpiece: contains mitochondria
Tail: flagellum

31
Q

True/False: In females, the peritoneal cavity is located outside the body

A

True!

32
Q

What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A
  • Bulbo-urethral gland and duct
  • Seminal gland
  • Prostate gland
33
Q

What are the spermatic cord coverings and what was their origin?

A
  • External spermatic fascia (from external oblique)
  • Cremaseter (from internal oblique)
  • Internal spermatic fascia (transverse abdominis)
34
Q

What is the pathway of the ductus deferens?

A

Joins the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct within the prostate gland

35
Q

What is the role of the urethra and its parts?

A

Carries sperm from ejaculatory ducts to the outside of the body. 3 parts

  • Prostatic: in prostate
  • Membranous/intermediate: in urogenital diaphragm
  • Spongy: in penis
36
Q

What are the external components of the penis?

A
  • Glans penis: tip

- Prepuce: foreskin

37
Q

What are the erectile bodies of the penis?

A

1) Corpus spongiosum: forms the glans penis, and bulb of penis
2) Corpus cavernosa: forms the Prepuce (foreskin) and Crus

38
Q

What are the primary female reproductive organs?

A

ovaries

39
Q

What are the accessory female reproductive ducts?

A
  • uterine tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina
40
Q

How is the ovary attached to the uterus?

A

Through messenteries (mesovarium) and ligaments:

  • the ovarian ligament
  • broad ligament
  • suspensory
41
Q

How is the ovary attached to the lateral pelvic wall?

A

suspensory ligament of the ovary

42
Q

How are the ovaries supplied?

A

Ovarian arteries: branches from abdominal aorta

Ovarian branches of the uterine arteries: arise from the internal iliac artery

43
Q

Describe the ovarian cycle

A

Primary follicle → secondary follicle → mature ovarian follicle (graadian) carries out meisos I → follicle ruptures; secondary oocyte ovulated → corpus luteum

44
Q

What makes up the uterine tube?

A
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
  • infundibulum
  • fimbrae
45
Q

What are the layers of the uterine wall and their characteristics?

A

1) perimetrium: outer serous membrane (visceral layer)
2) myometrium: middle layer, consists of bundles of SM that contract during childbirth
3) endometrium: mucosal lining of the uterine cavity.
- - functional layer: sheds during menstruation
- - basal layer: does not shed and forms new layer after menstruation ends.

46
Q

What is the function of the mesometrium?

A

anchors uterus to lateral pelvic walls

largest division of the broad ligament.

47
Q

What is the function of the round ligaments?

A

binds the uterus to the anterior body wall

48
Q

What mainly supports the uterus?

A

muscles of pelvic floor

49
Q

As the peritoneum extends laterally past the uterus toward the pelvic wall, what does it become?

A

the broad ligament.

50
Q

What is the mesosalpinx?

A

portion of the broad ligament connecting to the uterine tube.

51
Q

What is the mesovarium?

A

portion of the broad ligament connecting to the ovarian ligament.

52
Q

The ovary is surrounded by a fibrous capsule called? What is this covered with?

A

Tunica albuginea

TA is covered by germinal epithelium that is simple cuboidal epithelium

53
Q

The lateral region of the uterine tube?

A

infundibulum, opens into the peritoneal cavity

54
Q

finger-like projections that surround the infundibulum?

A

fimbrae, drape over the ovary

55
Q

medial to the infundibulum is?

A

ampulla, forms half the length of the uterine tube and is the site for fertilization

56
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

developing gametes, egg cells

57
Q

Describe the location of the fundus

A

rounded region superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes

58
Q

Describe the cervix

A

narrow neck of the uterus , inferior tip that projects into the vagina

59
Q

What is the first phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase:

  • primary follicle
  • secondary follicle
  • vesicular
60
Q

What is the second phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

ovulation phase

61
Q

What is the third phase of ovarian cycle?

A

Luteal phase

- corpus luteum

62
Q

What are the compliments of ovarian and uterine cycle phases?

A

Follicular= menstrual + proliferative
Ovulation
Luteal= secretory

63
Q

What phase does FSH trigger in the ovarian cycle?

A

FSH starts follicular phase of the ovary. As the follicles develop they secrete estrogen (responsible for growth of endometrium)

64
Q

What phase does LH trigger in ovarian cycle?

A

Day 13/14, see sudden spike in LH (causes ovulation and forms corpus luteum). Now we make progesterone with LH.
progesterone helps keep the lining of the endometrium growing

65
Q

What does FSH trigger in male?

A

Spermatiogenesis

66
Q

What does LH trigger in male?

A

Testosterone

67
Q

What does human chorionic gonadotropic

hormone (hCG) do?

A

hormone of pregnancy (looks just like LH -maintains the corpus luteum) =high progesterone and estrogen -
maintains lining of uterus - while placenta forms

68
Q

What does the follicle do?

A

houses the Oocyte as it undergoes meiosis

69
Q

Describe the uterine cycle

A

1) menstrual phase: functional layer is shed
2) proliferative phase: functional layer rebuilds
3) secretory phase: endometrium prepares for implantation of an embryo

70
Q

What is the role of the fornix?

A

surrounding the uterine cervix as a complete ring

71
Q

Diamond shaped region between pubic arch anteriorly, coccyx posteriorly, ischial tuberosities laterally

A

Perineum

Anatomy 25 (7 decks)

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