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Anatomy 25 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two constituents of blood?

A

1) Plasma

2) Cells

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2
Q

What are the three types of cells found in blood?

A

1) Erythrocytes
2) Leukocytes
3) Platelets

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3
Q

Blood is a specialized form of what?

A

Connective tissue

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4
Q

There are two constituents of Plasma, what are they?

A

1) Serum

2) Clotting proteins

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5
Q

In a centrifuge blood sample, what three layers form (from top to bottom)?

A

top layer= Plasma
middle layer= “Buffy Coat” (white blood cells)
Bottom layer= Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)

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6
Q

What is the serum component of plasma?

A

Plasma minus the clotting proteins (made up of 90% water)

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7
Q

The RBC layer in a centrifuge blood sample is referred to as what?

A

Hematocrit (makes up 45% of the centrifuge blood sample)

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8
Q

What is a “better” term for the cell component of blood?

A

Formed Elements

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9
Q

What type of cell is a RBC?

A

Erythrocyte

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10
Q

What is the function of RBC’s?

A

Transport oxygen

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11
Q

What vehicle do the RBC’s use to transport oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin (blood protein)

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12
Q

Why are RBC’s soft and flexible?

A

so they can squeeze through capillaries (the smallest of the blood vessels)

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13
Q

Why are RBC’s shaped as a biconcave disc?

A

for maximum exchange (release/gain) of oxygen to all parts of the cell

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14
Q

True or False - RBC’s have a nucleus, ER, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.

A

FALSE

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15
Q

Can RBC’s grow or divide?

A

NO!

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16
Q

What is the lifespan of a RBC (how long do they last in the body)?

A

120 days

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17
Q

How are warn out/old RBC’s removed from the body?

A

Captured and destroyed by macrophages in spleen (and liver) when worn out

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18
Q

What kind of cell is a Leukocyte?

A

White Blood Cell (WBC)

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19
Q

What are the two types of Leukocytes?

A

1) Granulocytes

2) Agranulocytes

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20
Q

What are the three subtypes of Granulocytes?

A

1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils
3) Basophils

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21
Q

What are the two subtypes of Agranulocytes?

A

1) Lymphocytes

2) Monocytes

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22
Q

What is the order of Leukocytes found in the body, from most numerous to least numerous?

A

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes & Eosinophils
Basophils

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23
Q

what does the nucleus of a Neutrophil look like?

A

lobulated- 2 to 5 lobes

24
Q

Which line of defense is a Neutrophil?

A

1st line of defense

25
Q

What do the granules in Neutrophils contain?

A

an enzyme called Lysozime (which lyse bacterial cell walls)

26
Q

What does it mean when we say Neutrophils are phagocytic?

A

they ENGULF and DIGEST bacteria and small particles

27
Q

What is meant when we say Neutrophils are Chemotaxic?

A

they migrate to bacteria through the blood and interstitial tissue following chemical signals

28
Q

Why do Neutrophils form pus at the site of attack?

A

Pus is the collection of dead neutrophils after they degranulate

29
Q

Degranulation is what?

A

cellular process that releases antimicrobial cytotoxic or other molecules from secretory vesicles called granules found inside some cells

30
Q

What does the nucleus of and Eosinophil look like?

A

Bilobed nucleus (two large lobes connected in the middle)

31
Q

What do the granules in Eosinophils do?

A

Granules contain an enzyme which kill and destroy PARASITE INFECTIONS

32
Q

What situation in the body does an increased number of Eosinophils suggest?

A

an allergic reaction

33
Q

What are Eosinophils phagocytic against?

A

antigen-antibody complexes

34
Q

Basophils are the least numerous of all the white blood cells. TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

35
Q

Basophils have a large, irregular nucleus. TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

36
Q

What is found in the granules of Basophils that increases capillary leakiness causing edema, facilitating movement of WBCs and proteins to the site? (this is also found in Mast cells)

A

Histamine

37
Q

What do histamines do?

A

Cause contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries

38
Q

What 2 functions do Basophils perform?

A

1) Respond to antigen-antibody complexes

2) Chemotaxic to other granulocytes

39
Q

Are Lymphocytes granulocytes or agranulocytes?

A

Agranulocytes

40
Q

What is the distinguishing characteristic about a lymphocyte nucleus?

A

large and spherical

41
Q

What are the two types of Lymphocyte cells?

A

1) B Cells

2) T Cells

42
Q

Where in the body are B Cells produced?

A

In the BONE MARROW

43
Q

Where in the body do T Cells mature?

A

the Thymus

a lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system

44
Q

What does a B Cell differentiate into?

A

Plasma cells

45
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

Secrete ANTIBODIES

46
Q

What two types of cells do T Cells differentiate into?

A

1) Killer T Cell

2) Helper T Cell

47
Q

What do Killer T Cells do?

A

Find and directly kill infected or foreign cells

48
Q

What do Helper T Cells do?

A

They use chemical messages to give instructions to the other immune system cells.

These instructions help Killer-T cells and B-cells make a lot more of themselves so they can fight the infection and make sure the fight stays under control.

49
Q

Are Monocytes granulocytes or agranulocytes?

A

agranulocytes

50
Q

What shape is the nucleus of a Monocyte?

A

U-shaped or Oval

51
Q

What do Monocytes differentiate into?

A

macrophages

52
Q

Where are these differentiated macrophages found in the body?

A

Connective Tissue (CT)

53
Q

What are Platelets and where do they come from?

A

CELL FRAGMENTS, derived from megakaryocytes (large cells in bone marrow)

54
Q

What is another term used for Platelets, and what does that name suggest?

A

Thrombocytes

Thrombocytes initiate BLOOD CLOTTING

55
Q

What is another name for blood clotting?

A

Thrombus

56
Q

How do Platelets (thrombocytes) form a blood clot (thrombus)?

3 Steps….

A
  1. Form plug = agglutination
  2. Secrete a clotting factor, thromboplastin, initiating a clot
  3. After clot forms, contract to tighten seal

Anatomy 25 (7 decks)

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