Reproductive Flashcards
atrophy
without nourish
corpus
body
ductules
carry little
dys-
improper
enter-
intestine
erg-
work
-ferol
bear alcohol
fimbria
fingers
flagellum
whip little
gam-
marry
gest-
pregnancy
gyn-
female
hirsuit
hairy
hy-
U shaped
logos
word, doctrine, science
luteum
yellow
meio
reduce
meso-
middle
-metrium
mother
mons
mountain
nulli-
without, never
oxy-
sharp, acid
pelvis
basin
-phorous
bear
pleo-
many
-ploid
set of chromosomes
-tocin
childbirth agent
toco-
childbirth
vas
vessel
zygo
join
asexual
production of a genetically identical offspring by a single parent
1 ‘parent’ cell →
2 ‘daughter’ cells DNA is IDENTICAL cloning
diploid
2n( 2 sets of DNA)
haploid:
1n (1 set of DNA)
sexual
production of a genetically unique offspring from genetic contribution of two different parents
need to reduce the amount of DNA by half: produce gametes
gamete + gamete → new individual with ‘proper’ amount of DNA
cell cycle, cell division & cell death for a cell to divide what must occur
a. signal to initiate division
b. replicate DNA (copy)
c. segregate DNA (1 copy to each new cell)
d. cytokinesis (separation of 2 cells)
interphase
~90% of a cells time is spent here: doing it’s thing
enters into mitosis (1 parent cell → 2 daughter cells);
needs to get ready to do this: multistep process
also need to control if it happens at all (loss of control/extra signal to start = CANCER)
DNA is copied (1 chromosome → 2 sister chromatids)
chromatin is loosely gathered DNA; pack it together and condense it (all DNA in each cell = ~2meters in length!)
centrosome is duplicated (remember made of 2 centrioles at perpendicular angle)
Mitosis (Prophase)
- chromatin condenses into sister chromatids
- microtubules attach to centrosomes and centromeres (mitotic spindle)
- nuclear envelope breaks down into ‘rafts’
- start pushing chromatids toward middle
Mitosis (metaphase)
Centromeres of chromatids at equatorial plane
ends may not be as neatly lined up as diagrams-centromere is the important part!
Mitosis (Anaphase)
heck to make sure all kinetochores attached to spindle
1. enzyme hydrolyzes ATP and pushes each chromosome up the microtubule all at same time
2. centrosome reels up microtubule by shortening the microtubule
3. microtubules not attached to chromatids push past each other & repel poles away from each other
Mitosis (Telophase)
Chromosomes stop moving/unwind; spindle breaks down; nucleus reforms around DNA
Cytokinesis happens as Telophase is ending
contractile ring of actin & myosin (like a drawstring bag) pinches in the center
each cell gets some of the organelles & they produce more as needed
end result of mitosis
TWO 2n daughter cells with identical DNA (that is also identical to parent cell)
Meiosis
1 parent → 4 gametes [ONE 2n cell → FOUR 1n cells]
somatic cell (body cells; autosomes): 2 sets of chromosomes (1 from mom; 1 from dad) [2n or diploid]
called a homologous pair (DNA is not the same but the genes code for same ‘things’ i.e. hair color)
gametes
1 set of chromosomes (1 of each original pair set) [1n or haploid]
1n + 1n → 2n (zygote) →undergoes mitosis to → organism
During meiosis
cells divide TWICE but DNA is replicated ONCE
cross over occurs too: leads to genetic diversity
Meiosis I
. prophase i: very long time (weeks to months!!!)
1. synapsis: homologous sister chromatids pair up
2. cross over occurs BETWEEN homologs (↑ genetic diversity)
b. metaphase I: sister homologs line up on opposite sides of equator
c. anaphase I: move to opposite poles
d. telophase I: nucleus reforms/cell undergoes cytokinesis (some species skip this)
short interphase followed by
Meiosis II
a. prophase II: DNA condenses
b. metaphase II: chromatids to the equator
c. anaphase II: chromosomes to the poles
d. telophase II: nuclei reform/cytokinesis
End result of meiosis
FOUR 1n gametes with DNA different from:
each other AND parent cell
Recombination
independent assortment above shows red vs. blue but could be lined up multiple different ways
Aneuploidy
homologs don’t separate or don’t stay together → incorrect # of chromosomes in gametes
trisomy/monosomy
gamete w/2n for a chromosome gets fertilized by a 1n gamete = trisomy
gamete w/0n for a chromosome gets fertilized by a 1n gamete = monosomy
trisomy 21
usually viable zygote; other chromosomes: zygotes mostly don’t survive to term
translocation
a chunk of a chromosome breaks off and sticks to another (= trisomy for particular genes on chromosome)
cryptochordism
undescended testicle(s); remain in abdomen = sterile b/c sperm need cooler
temps; can be surgically moved to scrotum; if not, usu. removed due to cancer risk)
Scrotum contains 2 testicles; divided into 2 cavities
skin = epidermis → dermis → dartos (smooth) muscle [wrinkles from tone] → fascia → cremaster
(skeletal) muscle [sexual arousal or cold] → parietal tunica vaginalis → serous fluid filled space →
visceral tunica vaginalis → testis
testis
surrounded by tunica albuginea (tough CT) → branches into interior as septa b/w lobules →
filled with COILED seminiferous tubules (where sperm are made) → tubules join up at rete testis →
efferent ductule → epididymis
Nurse cells
encourage sperm production
& secrete inhibin (shuts off GnRH/LH&FSH production)
spermatids undergo
Spermiogenesis (lose materials, take shape)
NOT motile: need to be activated = capacitance (later)
Emission
movement of sperm from epididymis to urethra
Seminal vessicles
60% of semen; alkaline; fructose;prostaglandins (smooth muscle contractions in male & female)
fibrinogen (clot); capacitation of sperm
released at emission: peristalsis of vas deferens, seminal vesicles & prostate
Prostate
20-30% of semen; seminalplasmin = antibiotic;
swollen/irritated/hypertrophy = restriction of urethra
Bulbourethral glands
empties into spongy urethra; thick, alkaline mucus (neutralize urine + lubricant);
released during sexual arousal (not emission/ejaculation) can contain sperm!!!
Penis
epidermis → dermis → dartos (smooth) muscle → areolar CT
prepuce (foreskin) surrounds glans (tip)
contains preputial glands: secrete smegma (waxy, antibiotic)
removed during circumcision [lowers risk of CA, HIV, UTI]
Hormones
Hypothalamus: GnRH released in 60-90 min pulses
Anterior Pituitary: FSH → nurse cells → promotes:
spermatogenesis & spermiogenesis) &
androgen binding protein (gloms up testosterone)
inhibin release (negative feedback to hypo/ant. pit.)
Anterior Pituitary: LH → interstitial cells in testes → testosterone
stim. nurse cells
libido
metabolism [protein synth, RBC formation & muscle growth]
2o sex characteristics
OOgenesis
oogonia complete mitosis before birth of female infant
1o oocytes enter into meiosis I but stop: suspended animation til puberty (not all survive)
1o oocyte surrounded by a single squamous layer = follicle cells
1o oocyte + follicle cells = primordial follicle ‘activation’
Follicular phase
primordial follicle → primary follicle
follicular cells divide & enlarge = granulosa cells;
zona pellucida: microvilli (↑ s.a.)
granulosa & thecal cells (in stroma) produce estrogens
secondary follicle:
begin secreting follicular fluid-separates into inner and outer layers;
1o oocyte still growing slowly
tertiary follicle (aka Graafian): spans entire ovary
LH levels rising at same time: 1o oocyte completes meiosis I
now called 2o oocyte; enters meiosis II and stops
ovulation
tertiary follicle releases 2o oocyte into abdominal cavity (ends follicular phase; starts luteal phase)
Luteal phase
empty tertiary follicle collapses → corpus luteum
LH stimulates it to make progesterone from cholesterol: stimulates development of uterine lining
(degenerates ~ 12 days after ovulation)
fertilization of 2o oocyte stimulates completion of meiosis II
Menses
day 1 of period/cycle [lost: _________________________________]
If no implantation: spiral arteries constrict → degeneration of glands/tissue;
blood vessels burst into CT; all sloughed out thru external os/vagina
lasts 1-7 days; 35-50 mL blood lost
Proliferative phase
epithelial cells of uterine glands multiply and spread across endometrial surface: restore epithelium
driven by estrogen from developing follicles
secreting thick mucus (glycogen rich = feeds fertilized egg) [days ~7-14]
Secretory phase
endometrial glands enlarge, ↑ rates of secretion, ↑ vascularization of functional zone
driven by progesterone & estrogen from corpus luteum
persists as long as corpus luteum fxnal (10-12 days)
no fertilization 1-2 days = decline; cycle begins again
(ovulation about 14 days before 1st day of menses)
Menarche
first cycle; delayed if leptin (fat) levels too low; 11-12 years of age
Menopause
termination of uterine cycle; 45-55 years of age (lol)
mammary glands
milk production (p. 1081)
fat pad contains lobules of mammary glands w/ suspensory ligaments
lobules converge on lactiferous duct → lactiferous sinus → nipple surface (come back to next chapter)
Hormones
coordination of uterine & ovarian cycles: need to be in synch or can’t get pregnant or sustain pregnancy
GnRH from hypothalamus → anterior pituitary
pulse frequency ∆s throughout cycle (unlike males)
estrogens = ↑ pulse frequency of GnRH release; derived from testosterone
progestins = ↓ pulse frequency of GnRH release; derived from cholesterol
Estrogens: bone & muscle growth; 2o sex characteristics; libido (from dev. follicles in response to FSH)
Progestins: endometrial dev. for implantation (from corpus luteum in response to LH)
Primary follicle
low estrogen levels; GnRH frequency every 60-90 minutes;
FSH dominant hormone; estrogens inhibit LH secretion
Secondary follicle
FSH levels decline b/c making inhibin; still making estrogen
Tertiary follicle
estrogen levels ↑ steeply; therefore GnRH ↑;
stimulates ↑ LH release
(at day-ish 10 estrogen STOPS inhibiting LH b/c sustained ↑ levels of estrogen)
day-ish 14, estrogen peaks = LH surge =
1o oocyte → 2o oocyte (meiosis I completed)
rupture of follicular wall
ovulation (corpus luteum formation)
↑ progesterone secretion (+ ↓ estrogen) = ↓GnRH freq.
↓GnRH freq. = ↑ LH secretion = maintain corpus luteum
(lasts about 12 days)-progesterone/estrogen levels fall = ↑ GnRH freq. = cycle starts over
spiral arteries supply the
functional layer of the endometrium
straight arteries supply
the myometrium
during which phase of the ovarian cycle does a 1 oocyte turn into a 2 oocyte
follicular
why do menses occur at the beginning of each cycle
progesterone drops
what structure surrounds the urethra in a penis?
corpus spongenosum
what structures make up the majority of the erectile tissue in the penis
corpus cavernosum
what muscle in the scrotum responds to sexual arousal?
cremaster
which muscle in the scrotum responds to changes in temperature
Dordos
Which gland in the male reproductive system is not in the female?
seminal vessicles
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is
progesterone
During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
The functional zone of the endometrium is restored
The ____ is the largest portion of the uterus
body
What is true about oogenesis?
- OOgenesis begins at birth
- Ova develops from stem cells called oogonia
- An ovum completes its last meiosis after its fertilized
- By the time of their birth girls have already lost about 80% of their oocytes
A sample of a womans blood is analyzed for reproductive hormone levels. The results indicate a high level of progesterone, relatively high levels of inhibin, and low levels of LH and FSH. The female is most likely experiencing ___ of the uterine cycle.
the secretory phase
What are similarities between the testis and ovaries?
1) meiosis takes place in both
2) both respond to FSH’
3) both respond to LH
4) both produce gametes
The vagina is
a muscular tube extending between the uterus and external genitalia
The uterine phase that develops because of a fall in progesterone levels is
the menses
after ovulation the ovary secretes
progesterone
whats true about menstrual cycle?
1) the first occurance is called menarche
2) It is ultimately controlled by GnRH
3) is skipped in pregnancy
4) often involves painful myometrial contractions
The segment of the uterine tube where fertilization occurs is
at the boundary between the ampulla and isthmus
The primary follicle develops from
the primordial follicle
the granulosa cells of developing follicles secrete
estrogen
what does endometrium contain?
a functional and basilar zone
the thick muscular layer of the uterus is the
myometrium
what are functions of estrogen
1) maintains female secondary sex characteristics
2) stimulates bone growth
3)maintains accessory reproductive organs
4) initiates repair of the endometrium
the _____is the portion of the uterus that projects in the body
cervix
The organ that transports the ovum to the uterus is
the uterine tube
During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle
1) the fertilized ovum implants
2) PROGESTERONE LEVELS ARE HIGH
3)endometrial glands enlarge
4) the corpus luteum is made
The surge in lutenizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers
ovulation
