anatomy exam 2

Question 1

order of transcription

Answer 1

dna transcribes mrna translation to protein

Question 2

transcription takes place in the ? and is completed by?

Answer 2

nucleus and rna polymerase

Question 3

translation takes place in the? using?

Answer 3

cytoplasm, ribosomes

Question 4

basic structure of a human gene

Answer 4

1) initiation- rna polymerase bond to promoter
2) elongation- rna polymerase reads dna at synthesizing mRna
3) Termination- Rna Polymerase reaches termination sequence and reaches it’s stopping point

Question 5

initiation (1 protein translation)

Answer 5

tRna delivers the first amino acid to start the protein (polypeptide). Another tRna binds to the A site and delivers the second amino acid for the growing protein it just slides down the chain.
1) ribosome clamping onto mRna
2) start codon (aug) recognized
3) tRna brings 1st amino acid

Question 6

elongation (2 protein translation)

Answer 6

1) ribosome slides down mRna
2) tRna delivers amino acid
3) Form peptide bonds between amino acids

Question 7

termination (3 protein translation)

Answer 7

1) it will reach a stop codon
2) This is where the process ends

Question 8

What type of material can freely diffuse through the plasma membrane? And what types cannot?

Answer 8

freely move= small and nonpolar/ uncharged
channels= small and polar/ charged

Question 9

How do large molecules that cant fit through membrane channels transport in and out of the cell?

Answer 9

-By carrier mediated transport which is when they physically grab and carry across membrane (molecule by molecule for molecules more variable in availibilty like glucose)

• vestibular transport- grab across a membrane in bulk

Question 10

osmotic pressure

Answer 10

how much force is needed to stop osmosis

Question 11

osmosis goes from

Answer 11

high free water to low free water or low solute to high solute

Question 12

passive transport

Answer 12

no energy spent (diffusion and osmosis)

Question 13

active transport

Answer 13

requires energy

Question 14

Nucleus

Answer 14

Large membrane bound Structure; contains DNA and aIso Enzymes For Dna replication and DNA transcription

Question 15

Nuclear pore

Answer 15

Opening in the nuclear membrane where the double membrane fuses to produce pores; allows movement of mRNA into the cytoplasm

Question 16

ribosome

Answer 16

an intercellular structure made of both rna and proteins and is the site of protein synthesis in the cell

Question 17

mitochondria

Answer 17

organelle found in large numbers in most cells that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cells biochemical reactions

Question 18

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

Rough- membranous organelles with fixed ribosomes attached to it; site of production of proteins for export from the cell or for incorporation in cell membrane

smooth- channels of membranous tubules that contain enzymes to synthesize carbohydrates and lipids

Question 19

golgi apparatus

Answer 19

stacks of interconnected flat membranous sacs; packages proteins for insertion into the plasma membrane or for exocytosis into the interstitual fluids

Question 20

cytoskeleton

Answer 20

structure that helps maintain the shape and structure of the cell and is responsible for locomotion of cell itself and the movement of various organelles with it

Question 21

vacuoles

Answer 21

store nutrients and water in which a cell can rely on for it’s survival. Stores salts, minerals, pigments, and proteins within the cell. Also facilitates endo and exocytosis

Question 22

centrosomes

Answer 22

regulates cell motility, adhesion and polarity in interphase and facilitated the organization of the spindle poles during mitosis

Question 23

for parent cell to divide

Answer 23

1) Duplicate the cellular components
2) replicate dna
3) growth- nutrients available in environment to grow

Question 24

mitosis

Answer 24

division of the nucleus seperate duplicated chromosomes

Question 25

cytokinesis

Answer 25

division of the cytoplasm

Question 26

what is the goal of cellular respiration ( aeribobic respiration)

Answer 26

To take energy stored in glucose molecules to power the process of making atp so the end product of cellular respiration is atp

Question 27

When the cell is not dividing (is in Go), will its DNA be packaged as chromatin or chromosomes? Explain why.

Answer 27

Chromatin loosely packed dna
- need access to genes for transcription to occur dna replication

Question 28

When the cell is dividing, will its DNA be packaged as chromatin or chromosomes?

Answer 28

Easily moveable when condensed chromosomes

Question 29

How does the cell regulate its progression through the cell cycle?

Answer 29

Regulation of cdk by phosphorylation and the binding of regulatory proteins such as cyclins

Question 30

What could happen if the regulation of the cell cycle is faulty?

Answer 30

Can lead to diseases such as cancer because cells can divide without order and accumulate genetic errors that can lead to a tumor

Question 31

Aerobic respiration

Answer 31

cellular function that require oxygen in the reaction

Question 32

four major steps of aerobic respiration

Answer 32

glycolysis
citric acid cycle
electron transport chain
oxidative phosphorylation

Question 33

what is the goal of glycolysis

Answer 33

to split glucose into two pyruvate which each have 3 carbons as we do that we harnest electron for the electron transport chain

Question 34

what is the goal of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 34

breaking down pyruvate to release electrons for the ETC

Question 35

what happens during CAC

Answer 35

pyruvate enters mitochondria
- broken down to release electrons
- electrons are carried by carriers to the ETC
- CO2 is produced from C and O is pyruvate

Question 36

what is the goal of ETC and oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 36

synthesize atp using energy from electrons moving in ETC

Question 37

anaerobic cellular respiration

Answer 37

No O2 present/ not enough O2
fermentation (extension of glycolysis)
- lactic acid

Question 38

why try to use aerobic respiration?

Answer 38

produces way more atp per glucose anaerobic produces harmful waste

Question 39

Mitosis stages

Answer 39

prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 40

interphase

Answer 40

G1,s,G2

Question 41

g1

Answer 41

G1 is the stage where the cell is preparing to divide.

Question 42

s

Answer 42

when DNA replication and much of the DNA repair activity occurs in cells.

Question 43

g2

Answer 43

a period of rapid cell growth and protein synthesis during which the cell prepares itself for mitosis.