1. organism that causes disease 2. virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites 3. each attacks in a specific way

1. all of lower limbs, abdomen dump into Cisterna chyli 2. that dumps into thoracic duct 3. thoracic duct also gets all of lymph from left upper body & limb 4. dumps into L subclavian vein 5. right lymphatic duct gets lymph from right upper body & limb 6. dumps into R subclavian vein

1. Peyer's patches in ileum 2. vermiform appendix d. tonsils- in wall of pharynx 1. palatine (2) 2. adenoid (aka pharyngeal) (1) 3. lingual (2)

1. located in mediastinum behind sternum 2. involutes (atrophies) after puberty (diminishing effectiveness of immune system

anatomy Flashcards by William Djedje

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

increased number of lymphocytes

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Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the

red bone marrow

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Immune System: a physiological system
a. involves parts of many systems

lymphoid
integumentary
cardiovascular
respiratory
digestive

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Non-Specific Defenses

do not distinguish one threat from another

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Specific Defenses

target a specific pathogen (lymphocytes

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Pathogen

organism that causes disease
virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites
each attacks in a specific way

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lymphoid System:

produce, maintain & distribute lymphocytes

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lymph fluid

clear watery, sim to plasma, lower [protein], full of lymphocytes and
macrophages (therefore specific & non-specific); formed from excess fluids in interstitial
tissue

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lymphatic vessels

a. dead-end capillaries: very thin walls, leaky, cell boundaries overlap = one way valve-get
in, but can’t get out! (p. 789)
b. small vessels-have valves (sim to veins); close together-look like beads (pp. 787 & 789)
c. major vessels ( p. 790)

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major vessels

all of lower limbs, abdomen dump into Cisterna chyli
that dumps into thoracic duct
thoracic duct also gets all of lymph from left upper body & limb
dumps into L subclavian vein
right lymphatic duct gets lymph from right upper body & limb
dumps into R subclavian vein

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Lymphedema

blockage of drainage from a limb
1. interstitial fluids accumulate-swollen & distended
2. persists-damage to CT elasticity-becomes permanent

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lymphoid tissues

areolar CT packed full of lymphocytes (nodules)
a. lack a fibrous capsule, so boundaries indistinct
b. central zone = germinal center = dividing lymphocytes
c. MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

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MALT tissues

Peyer’s patches in ileum
vermiform appendix
d. tonsils- in wall of pharynx
palatine (2)
adenoid (aka pharyngeal) (1)
lingual (2)

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lymphoid organs

have a fibrous capsule separating from surrounding tissue

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lymph nodes (p. 792)
1. Anatomy

a. Trabeculae: bundles of collagen fibers form pockets by extending inward from
capsule into interior of lymph node

b. Hilum: shallow indentation where blood vessels and nerves reach the lymph node

c. Afferent lymphatic vessels: carry lymph from peripheral tissues into lymph node
d. Efferent lymphatic vessels: leave lymph node at hilum, carry lymph to venous circ

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lymph nodes flow

a. Lymph from Afferent Lymphatics flows through lymph node in a network of sinuses
b. From subcapsular space: contains macrophages and dendritic cells
c. Through outer cortex: contains B cells within germinal centers
d. Through deep cortex: dominated by T cells
e. Through the core (medulla): contains B cells and plasma cells, organized into
medullary cords
f. Finally, into hilum and efferent lymphatics

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lymph nodes function

a. filter: purifies lymph before return to venous circulation
b. Removes: debris, pathogens, 99% of antigens
c. Antigen Presentation
d.Distributed to monitor peripheral infections & respond before infections reach vital
organs of trunk

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antigen presentation

first step in immune response
1. Extracted antigens are “presented” to lymphocytes
2. Or attached to dendritic cells to stimulate lymphocytes

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viral organs of trunk

Gut, Trachea, Lungs, and Thoracic Duct
(Glands) Large lymph nodes at groin and base of neck, swell in response to
inflammation

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thymus

located in mediastinum behind sternum
involutes (atrophies) after puberty (diminishing effectiveness of immune system

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thymus anatomy

a. 2 lobes: septae divide lobes into lobules

b. dense outer cortex:
1. lymphocytes divide here
2. surrounded by reticular endothelial layer-maintains blood-thymus barrier

c. medulla
1. T cells (mature) migrate to medulla (no b-t barrier)

enter circ. by medullary blood vessels
d. reticular endothelial layer also secretes hormones that promote development of
lymphocytes into T cells

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spleen function

a. Removal of abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis
b. Storage of iron recycled from red blood cells
c. Initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells In response to antigens in
circulating blood

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spleen anatomy

a. collagen/elastic fibers in capsule-not very strong-easily ruptured
b. Red pulp-elements of circulating blood, free & fixed macrophages
c. White pulp (looks like nodules)
d. Trabecular arteries-branch and radiate toward capsule
1. finer branches around white pulp
2. capillaries send RBC to red pulp
e. reticular fibers-filters blood
f. sinusoids-lined with macrophages
g. trabechular veins
h. gives phagocytes and lymphocytes time to sort through, id & attack
damaged/infected cells

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Nonspecific defenses

Physical barriers, phagocytes, macrophages, immunological surveillance, interferons, complement system, inflammation, and fever

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specific defenses

1. due to T cells and B cells

forms of specific defense

a. innate: present at birth b. acquired: pick up after born 1. active: exposure to antigen (from environment or vaccine) 2. passive: antibodies transferred in (from mom’s placenta/breast milk or injection)

Major Histocompatibility Complex- graft rejection

a. Class I: on all nucleated cells = self; add antigens when infected b. Class II: on antigen presenting cells (phagocytes) & lymphocytes-holds antigen ou

T cells (-80% circulating)

a. Cell mediated immunity b. mature in thymus (p. 794) c. Cytotoxic (TC)-attack foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses

cytotoxic receptors

recognize antigens on plasma membrane of: a. foreign cell b. infected cells stick the antigen on its membrane on a MHC I marker 2. CD8 marker on TC receptor binds to antigen/MHC I complex 3. TC binds to 2nd site = costimulation (safety) 4. activated (p. 812) and multiplies to produce a. memory cells b. killers (takes a couple of days to accumulate) c. suppressor-takes a good while (act after initial response) = limit degree of activation

Helper (TH) (p. 813)

1. receptor recognizes antigen on a MHC II marker 2. CD4 marker on TH receptor binds to antigen/MHC II complex 3. TH binds to 2nd site = costimulation (safety) 4. activated and multiplies to produce a. memory cells b. active cells: secrete cytokines 1. ramp up production of TC 2. attract macrophages 3. attract/stimulate NK cells 4. activate B cells-leads to antibody production

B cells (10-15% circulating)

a. Humoral mediated immunity (antibodies released into body fluids) b. mature in bone marrow (p. 798) c. specific antibody in cell membrane d. binds to antigen = sensitization = on standby e. puts antigen on MHC II complex f. TH CD4 binds to MHCII/antigen → activation → division 1. memory cells 2. plasma cells-secrete huge quantities of antibody

antibody structure

1. Pair of heavy chains + pair of light chains 2. constant segments (on each type) & variable segments (on each type) 1. variable = change in aa = change in tertiary structure; antigen binding site 2. capable of producing 100 million diff. antibodies

Classes of antibodies

Classes-difference in heavy chain constant segment structure = no effect on specificity (p. 819)

THE different classes of antibodies

1. IgG: ~80%; cross placenta; very effective, slow to produce lg. quantities 2. IgE: found on surface of basophils and mast cells; bind to = release histamine (allergic response) 3. IgD: on surface of B cell 4. IgM: first secreted; multi-unit; effective for forming immune complexes (AB clumping) 5. IgA: glandular secretions: prevent pathogen from gaining internal access

antibody function

1. neutralize pathogen by blocking entry/attachment 2. precipitation & agglutination 3. activate complement system 4. ↑ ease of phagocytosis (more flags = more eat me signal) 5. ↑ inflammation

primary vs secondary response (disorders)

1. Autoimmune-recognize self as non-self a. pathogen (esp. virus) has antigen that looks a lot like self antigen = problem b. production of B cell that makes antibody that recognize self as bad (usu. elim during dev.) c. rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

primary vs secondary response (immunodeficiency)

a. make no T cells &/or no B cells b. HIV/AIDS mimics because target = TH cells; problem too b/c suppressor T cells NOT suppressed = shut down the rest of the response

primary vs secondary response (allergies)

1. immediate hypersensitivity: due to IgE a. sensitization (p. 826) b. second exposure-big response 2. circulating allergen can affect mast cells throughout body a. can lead to anaphylaxis 1. ↑ capillary permeability = swelling/edema 2. smooth muscle contraction on respiratory system 3. peripheral vasodilation

primary vs secondary response

antihistamine/H2 blocker 4. Stress a. short term = reduction in inflammation b. long term = inhibit immune response

alb-

white

ana-

upward

angitis

vessel inflamed

athero

fatty

baro-

pressure

brachio-

arm

brady-

slow

-cardia

heart

-cardium

heart

carnae

of flesh

chela-

claw

coll-

glue

endo-

inside

-erg

work

erythro

red

humoral

bodily fluid

infarct

stuffed

leuko-

white

lymph

watery

mano-

pressure

meter

measure

neo-

new

-oma

tumor

pan-

all

papilla

nipple, little

-poiesis

create, process

serum

whey

sphygmo-

pulse

stetho-

chest

tachy-

fast

thrombo-

clot

thyr-

shield

the cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ______ cells

immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ______ immunity

innate

what are the steps in the cell mediated immune response 1. several cycle of mitosis occur 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection 4.T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen 5.T cells differentiate into cytotoxic t cells or memory t cells 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin

2,4,1,5,3,6

Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporin A. What does the medication do?

supress her helper T cells thus preventing rejection

The first cellular line of defense against pathogens are

phagocytes

Defense of the body a particular pathogen is provided by

adaptive immunity

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies

the bodies innate defenses involve

the skin, compliment, interferon, and inflammation

suppressor T cells act to

inhibit T and B cell activities

T cells and B cells can be activated only by

exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane

Sally has a bad throat and the lymph nodes are swollen. This would indicate that,

the affected lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes

The various classes of immunoglobins differentiated on the basis of their

heavy- chain constant segment

When an anitgen is bound to a class II MHC protein, it can activate a ______ cell

helper T

_____is the class of antibody first secreted in response to a new antigen

igM

Imunoglobobulins that are mainly found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears

igA

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen the enviornement is called

naturally acquired active

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the

thymus

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin