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anatomy > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

3

1
Q

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

A

increased number of lymphocytes

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2
Q

Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the

A

red bone marrow

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3
Q

Immune System: a physiological system
a. involves parts of many systems

A
  1. lymphoid
  2. integumentary
  3. cardiovascular
  4. respiratory
  5. digestive
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4
Q

Non-Specific Defenses

A

do not distinguish one threat from another

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5
Q

Specific Defenses

A

target a specific pathogen (lymphocytes

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6
Q

Pathogen

A
  1. organism that causes disease
  2. virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites
  3. each attacks in a specific way
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7
Q

lymphoid System:

A

produce, maintain & distribute lymphocytes

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8
Q

lymph fluid

A

clear watery, sim to plasma, lower [protein], full of lymphocytes and
macrophages (therefore specific & non-specific); formed from excess fluids in interstitial
tissue

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9
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

a. dead-end capillaries: very thin walls, leaky, cell boundaries overlap = one way valve-get
in, but can’t get out! (p. 789)
b. small vessels-have valves (sim to veins); close together-look like beads (pp. 787 & 789)
c. major vessels ( p. 790)

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10
Q

major vessels

A
  1. all of lower limbs, abdomen dump into Cisterna chyli
  2. that dumps into thoracic duct
  3. thoracic duct also gets all of lymph from left upper body & limb
  4. dumps into L subclavian vein
  5. right lymphatic duct gets lymph from right upper body & limb
  6. dumps into R subclavian vein
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11
Q

Lymphedema

A

blockage of drainage from a limb
1. interstitial fluids accumulate-swollen & distended
2. persists-damage to CT elasticity-becomes permanent

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12
Q

lymphoid tissues

A

areolar CT packed full of lymphocytes (nodules)
a. lack a fibrous capsule, so boundaries indistinct
b. central zone = germinal center = dividing lymphocytes
c. MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

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13
Q

MALT tissues

A
  1. Peyer’s patches in ileum
  2. vermiform appendix
    d. tonsils- in wall of pharynx
  3. palatine (2)
  4. adenoid (aka pharyngeal) (1)
  5. lingual (2)
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14
Q

lymphoid organs

A

have a fibrous capsule separating from surrounding tissue

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15
Q

lymph nodes (p. 792)
1. Anatomy

A

a. Trabeculae: bundles of collagen fibers form pockets by extending inward from
capsule into interior of lymph node

b. Hilum: shallow indentation where blood vessels and nerves reach the lymph node

c. Afferent lymphatic vessels: carry lymph from peripheral tissues into lymph node
d. Efferent lymphatic vessels: leave lymph node at hilum, carry lymph to venous circ

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16
Q

lymph nodes flow

A

a. Lymph from Afferent Lymphatics flows through lymph node in a network of sinuses
b. From subcapsular space: contains macrophages and dendritic cells
c. Through outer cortex: contains B cells within germinal centers
d. Through deep cortex: dominated by T cells
e. Through the core (medulla): contains B cells and plasma cells, organized into
medullary cords
f. Finally, into hilum and efferent lymphatics

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17
Q

lymph nodes function

A

a. filter: purifies lymph before return to venous circulation
b. Removes: debris, pathogens, 99% of antigens
c. Antigen Presentation
d.Distributed to monitor peripheral infections & respond before infections reach vital
organs of trunk

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18
Q

antigen presentation

A

first step in immune response
1. Extracted antigens are “presented” to lymphocytes
2. Or attached to dendritic cells to stimulate lymphocytes

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19
Q

viral organs of trunk

A
  1. Gut, Trachea, Lungs, and Thoracic Duct
  2. (Glands) Large lymph nodes at groin and base of neck, swell in response to
    inflammation
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20
Q

thymus

A
  1. located in mediastinum behind sternum
  2. involutes (atrophies) after puberty (diminishing effectiveness of immune system
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21
Q

thymus anatomy

A

a. 2 lobes: septae divide lobes into lobules

b. dense outer cortex:
1. lymphocytes divide here
2. surrounded by reticular endothelial layer-maintains blood-thymus barrier

c. medulla
1. T cells (mature) migrate to medulla (no b-t barrier)

  1. enter circ. by medullary blood vessels
    d. reticular endothelial layer also secretes hormones that promote development of
    lymphocytes into T cells
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22
Q

spleen function

A

a. Removal of abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis
b. Storage of iron recycled from red blood cells
c. Initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells In response to antigens in
circulating blood

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23
Q

spleen anatomy

A

a. collagen/elastic fibers in capsule-not very strong-easily ruptured
b. Red pulp-elements of circulating blood, free & fixed macrophages
c. White pulp (looks like nodules)
d. Trabecular arteries-branch and radiate toward capsule
1. finer branches around white pulp
2. capillaries send RBC to red pulp
e. reticular fibers-filters blood
f. sinusoids-lined with macrophages
g. trabechular veins
h. gives phagocytes and lymphocytes time to sort through, id & attack
damaged/infected cells

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24
Q

Nonspecific defenses

A

Physical barriers, phagocytes, macrophages, immunological surveillance, interferons, complement system, inflammation, and fever

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25
Q

specific defenses

A
  1. due to T cells and B cells
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26
Q

forms of specific defense

A

a. innate: present at birth
b. acquired: pick up after born
1. active: exposure to antigen (from environment or vaccine)
2. passive: antibodies transferred in (from mom’s placenta/breast milk or injection)

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27
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex- graft rejection

A

a. Class I: on all nucleated cells = self; add antigens when infected
b. Class II: on antigen presenting cells (phagocytes) & lymphocytes-holds antigen ou

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28
Q

T cells (-80% circulating)

A

a. Cell mediated immunity
b. mature in thymus (p. 794)
c. Cytotoxic (TC)-attack foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses

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29
Q

cytotoxic receptors

A

recognize antigens on plasma membrane of:
a. foreign cell
b. infected cells stick the antigen on its membrane on a MHC I marker
2. CD8 marker on TC receptor binds to antigen/MHC I complex
3. TC binds to 2nd site = costimulation (safety)
4. activated (p. 812) and multiplies to produce
a. memory cells
b. killers (takes a couple of days to accumulate)
c. suppressor-takes a good while (act after initial response) = limit degree of activation

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30
Q

Helper (TH) (p. 813)

A
  1. receptor recognizes antigen on a MHC II marker
  2. CD4 marker on TH receptor binds to antigen/MHC II complex
  3. TH binds to 2nd site = costimulation (safety)
  4. activated and multiplies to produce
    a. memory cells
    b. active cells: secrete cytokines
  5. ramp up production of TC
  6. attract macrophages
  7. attract/stimulate NK cells
  8. activate B cells-leads to antibody production
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31
Q

B cells (10-15% circulating)

A

a. Humoral mediated immunity (antibodies released into body fluids)

b. mature in bone marrow (p. 798)

c. specific antibody in cell membrane

d. binds to antigen = sensitization = on standby

e. puts antigen on MHC II complex

f. TH CD4 binds to MHCII/antigen → activation → division
1. memory cells
2. plasma cells-secrete huge quantities of antibody

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32
Q

antibody structure

A
  1. Pair of heavy chains + pair of light chains
  2. constant segments (on each type) & variable segments (on each type)
  3. variable = change in aa = change in tertiary structure; antigen binding site
  4. capable of producing 100 million diff. antibodies
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33
Q

Classes of antibodies

A

Classes-difference in heavy chain constant segment structure = no effect on specificity (p.
819)

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34
Q

THE different classes of antibodies

A
  1. IgG: ~80%; cross placenta; very effective, slow to produce lg. quantities
  2. IgE: found on surface of basophils and mast cells; bind to = release histamine (allergic
    response)
  3. IgD: on surface of B cell
  4. IgM: first secreted; multi-unit; effective for forming immune complexes (AB clumping)
  5. IgA: glandular secretions: prevent pathogen from gaining internal access
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35
Q

antibody function

A
  1. neutralize pathogen by blocking entry/attachment
  2. precipitation & agglutination
  3. activate complement system
  4. ↑ ease of phagocytosis (more flags = more eat me signal)
  5. ↑ inflammation
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36
Q

primary vs secondary response (disorders)

A
  1. Autoimmune-recognize self as non-self
    a. pathogen (esp. virus) has antigen that looks a lot like self antigen = problem
    b. production of B cell that makes antibody that recognize self as bad (usu. elim during dev.)
    c. rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
37
Q

primary vs secondary response (immunodeficiency)

A

a. make no T cells &/or no B cells
b. HIV/AIDS mimics because target = TH cells; problem too b/c suppressor T cells NOT
suppressed = shut down the rest of the response

38
Q

primary vs secondary response (allergies)

A
  1. immediate hypersensitivity: due to IgE
    a. sensitization (p. 826)
    b. second exposure-big response
  2. circulating allergen can affect mast cells throughout body
    a. can lead to anaphylaxis
  3. ↑ capillary permeability = swelling/edema
  4. smooth muscle contraction on respiratory system
  5. peripheral vasodilation
39
Q

primary vs secondary response

A

antihistamine/H2 blocker
4. Stress
a. short term = reduction in inflammation
b. long term = inhibit immune response

40
Q

alb-

A

white

41
Q

ana-

A

upward

42
Q

angitis

A

vessel inflamed

43
Q

athero

A

fatty

44
Q

baro-

A

pressure

45
Q

brachio-

A

arm

46
Q

brady-

A

slow

47
Q

-cardia

A

heart

48
Q

-cardium

A

heart

49
Q

carnae

A

of flesh

50
Q

chela-

A

claw

51
Q

coll-

A

glue

52
Q

endo-

A

inside

53
Q

-erg

A

work

54
Q

erythro

A

red

55
Q

humoral

A

bodily fluid

56
Q

infarct

A

stuffed

57
Q

leuko-

A

white

58
Q

lymph

A

watery

59
Q

mano-

A

pressure

60
Q

meter

A

measure

61
Q

neo-

A

new

62
Q

-oma

A

tumor

63
Q

pan-

A

all

64
Q

papilla

A

nipple, little

65
Q

-poiesis

A

create, process

66
Q

serum

A

whey

67
Q

sphygmo-

A

pulse

68
Q

stetho-

A

chest

69
Q

tachy-

A

fast

70
Q

thrombo-

A

clot

71
Q

thyr-

A

shield

72
Q

the cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ______ cells

A

NK

73
Q

immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ______ immunity

A

innate

74
Q

what are the steps in the cell mediated immune response
1. several cycle of mitosis occur
2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage
3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection
4.T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen
5.T cells differentiate into cytotoxic t cells or memory t cells
6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin

A

2,4,1,5,3,6

75
Q

Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporin A. What does the medication do?

A

supress her helper T cells thus preventing rejection

76
Q

The first cellular line of defense against pathogens are

A

phagocytes

77
Q

Defense of the body a particular pathogen is provided by

A

adaptive immunity

78
Q

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

A

allergies

79
Q

the bodies innate defenses involve

A

the skin, compliment, interferon, and inflammation

80
Q

suppressor T cells act to

A

inhibit T and B cell activities

81
Q

T cells and B cells can be activated only by

A

exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane

82
Q

Sally has a bad throat and the lymph nodes are swollen. This would indicate that,

A

the affected lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes

83
Q

The various classes of immunoglobins differentiated on the basis of their

A

heavy- chain constant segment

84
Q

When an anitgen is bound to a class II MHC protein, it can activate a ______ cell

A

helper T

85
Q

_____is the class of antibody first secreted in response to a new antigen

A

igM

86
Q

Imunoglobobulins that are mainly found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears

A

igA

87
Q

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen the enviornement is called

A

naturally acquired active

88
Q

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the

A

thymus

89
Q

An inflammatory response is triggered when

A

mast cells release histamine and heparin

anatomy (11 decks)

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