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anatomy > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

medulla oblongata (measures)

A

continual with the spinal cord.
- pathways between the brain and spinal cord and controls respiratory rate and Heart rate

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2
Q

pons

A

bulb shaped
-Relay station for sensory and motor commands
- Dealing with the subconscious control of organs

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3
Q

midbrain (muscles)

A

centrally located in brain
- Subconscious control of muscles
- controls alertness/awake response

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4
Q

cerebellum

A

surface is highly convulated cortex
- maintains balance and equillibrium
- refines learned movement patterns

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5
Q

epithalamus (pineal gland)

A

-secretes melatonin
-regulates circadian rhythms (day-night cycle)

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6
Q

Thalamus

A

relays information between the cerebrum and cerebral cortex

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-controls hormone release
-temp regulation
-hunger and thirst control
- sexual behavior
- emotional responses

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8
Q

limbic system

A

establishes emotional states
-facilitates memory storage and retrieval

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9
Q

cerebrum-Parietal lobe

A

divided into superior and inferior lobe
-conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste and temperature

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10
Q

cerebrum-frontal lobe

A

voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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11
Q

cerebrum-occipital lobe

A

-conscious perception of visual stimuli

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12
Q

cerebrum-temporal lobe

A

-conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli

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13
Q

hindbrain

A

-sleep regulation, motor coordination organization, and reflexes

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14
Q

midbrain

A

-vital for the generation of reflexive somatic matter responses
-subconcious control of muscles, the maintenance of conciousness/alertness

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15
Q

forebrain

A

-planning and execution of movements sensory of processing, regulation, sleep/woke states, behavioral responses to emotion (stress+fear)

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16
Q

what are advantages of having a large brain?

A

the ability to develop language, tool use, technological advantages, learning, etc….

17
Q

what are disadvantages of having a large brain

A

atp demand, calorie demand, reproduction and development mobility/stability

18
Q

will skin on fingers have more or less touch receptors than the skin on your forearm?

A

more will be densly packed in finger so fingers will have a finer sense of touch due to having smaller receptor fields

19
Q

will skin on your forearm have more or less touch receptors than the skin on your scalp?

A

less touch receptors are more spread out on the forearm and have bigger receptor fields

20
Q

what is sensory adaptation?

A

a reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it

21
Q

examples of sensory adaptation

A

Scent: Smokers are not bothered by the smell of tobacco smoke the way nonsmokers are, because smokers are accustomed to the odor2.
Sight: When you go into a dark room or outside at night, your eyes eventually adjust to the darkness because your pupils enlarge to let in more light2.
Taste: When you eat something sweet, your taste buds become less sensitive to the sweetness over time1.
Hearing: When you listen to loud music, your ears become less responsive to the sound level over time1.
Touch: When you wear a ring, you stop feeling it on your finger after a while

22
Q

sympathetic division of the ANS (fight or flight)

A

fight or flight
- prepares surbodies to deal with stressful, dangerous situations and increases ability to fight off or run from dangerous stimulus

23
Q

what activates sympathetic nervous system?

A

-activated during times of stress, emergency or dangers
-cns perception when a dangerous stimulus is arriving

24
Q

what happens when sympathetic nervous system is activated?

A

-heart rate and muscle contractilility increases
- blood is diverted away from the reproduction, urinary and digestive
-theres an increase in heart rate
-theres an increase in respiratory rate
-theres an increase in atp use and production

25
Q

hormones used in sympathetic nervous system

A

epinepherine
norepinephrine
cortisol(adrenaline)

26
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)

A

-Helps to control bodys response
- to restore homeostasis/homeostatic levels during times of rest

27
Q

what activates parasympathetic nervous system?

A

no dangerous stimuli perceived by the CNS

28
Q

what are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

decrease in heart and respiration rate
decrease in atp use, rebuild reserves normal function of body systems

29
Q

hormones used in parasympathetic nervous system

A

-absence of sympathetic hormones

30
Q

receptor type: Alpha

A

-Apart of sympathetic
located in smooth muscle, blood vessels, visceral organs
- they divert blood from nonessential organs and decrease g1 function and cns stimulation

31
Q

receptor type: Beta 1

A

-apart of sympathetic nervous system
- located in heart and kidneys
increase in heart rate and contraction strength
-increase in blood pressure

32
Q

receptor type: Beta 2

A

-apart of sympathetic nervous system
-located in smooth muscle, blood vessels, visceral organs
-dilation of blood vessels and living pathways g1 function

33
Q

receptor type: Nicotinic

A

apart of parasympathetic nervous system,
- located in smooth muscle and visceral organs
- decrease in heart rate and constriction of lung pathways
-increase in G1 functions

34
Q

receptor type: Muscarinic

A

apart of parasympathetic nervous system,
- located in smooth muscle and visceral organs
-decrease in heart rate and constriction of lung pathways and increase in G1 functions

35
Q

how does a beta blocker medication change the physiology of a human body?

A

blocks activity that are associated with sympathetic functions

36
Q

spinal reflexes arc

A

1: arrival of stimulus and activation of a receptor
2: activation of a sensory neuron firing an action potential that reaches spinal cord via input sat the dorsal root
3: information is processed in CNS ( by interneurons) signal is also relayed to the brain
4: activation of a motor neuron by releasing an excitatory neurotransmitter
5: responds to release of excitatory NT by the motor receptor

37
Q

why does it take longer to feel pain than it does to move your hand from a dangerous stimuli

A

it because the response is a reflex that does not involve the brain. A reflex is a rapid, unlearned, involuntary (automatic) response to a stimulus (change in the environment).

38
Q

why do you think painful stimuli are such useful sensations for learning

A

because once pain is associated with touching the hot stove then they will no longer do it again

anatomy (11 decks)

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