anatomy Flashcards
medulla oblongata (measures)
continual with the spinal cord.
- pathways between the brain and spinal cord and controls respiratory rate and Heart rate
pons
bulb shaped
-Relay station for sensory and motor commands
- Dealing with the subconscious control of organs
midbrain (muscles)
centrally located in brain
- Subconscious control of muscles
- controls alertness/awake response
cerebellum
surface is highly convulated cortex
- maintains balance and equillibrium
- refines learned movement patterns
epithalamus (pineal gland)
-secretes melatonin
-regulates circadian rhythms (day-night cycle)
Thalamus
relays information between the cerebrum and cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
-controls hormone release
-temp regulation
-hunger and thirst control
- sexual behavior
- emotional responses
limbic system
establishes emotional states
-facilitates memory storage and retrieval
cerebrum-Parietal lobe
divided into superior and inferior lobe
-conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste and temperature
cerebrum-frontal lobe
voluntary control of skeletal muscles
cerebrum-occipital lobe
-conscious perception of visual stimuli
cerebrum-temporal lobe
-conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli
hindbrain
-sleep regulation, motor coordination organization, and reflexes
midbrain
-vital for the generation of reflexive somatic matter responses
-subconcious control of muscles, the maintenance of conciousness/alertness
forebrain
-planning and execution of movements sensory of processing, regulation, sleep/woke states, behavioral responses to emotion (stress+fear)
what are advantages of having a large brain?
the ability to develop language, tool use, technological advantages, learning, etc….
what are disadvantages of having a large brain
atp demand, calorie demand, reproduction and development mobility/stability
will skin on fingers have more or less touch receptors than the skin on your forearm?
more will be densly packed in finger so fingers will have a finer sense of touch due to having smaller receptor fields
will skin on your forearm have more or less touch receptors than the skin on your scalp?
less touch receptors are more spread out on the forearm and have bigger receptor fields
what is sensory adaptation?
a reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it
examples of sensory adaptation
Scent: Smokers are not bothered by the smell of tobacco smoke the way nonsmokers are, because smokers are accustomed to the odor2.
Sight: When you go into a dark room or outside at night, your eyes eventually adjust to the darkness because your pupils enlarge to let in more light2.
Taste: When you eat something sweet, your taste buds become less sensitive to the sweetness over time1.
Hearing: When you listen to loud music, your ears become less responsive to the sound level over time1.
Touch: When you wear a ring, you stop feeling it on your finger after a while
sympathetic division of the ANS (fight or flight)
fight or flight
- prepares surbodies to deal with stressful, dangerous situations and increases ability to fight off or run from dangerous stimulus
what activates sympathetic nervous system?
-activated during times of stress, emergency or dangers
-cns perception when a dangerous stimulus is arriving
what happens when sympathetic nervous system is activated?
-heart rate and muscle contractilility increases
- blood is diverted away from the reproduction, urinary and digestive
-theres an increase in heart rate
-theres an increase in respiratory rate
-theres an increase in atp use and production
hormones used in sympathetic nervous system
epinepherine
norepinephrine
cortisol(adrenaline)
Parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)
-Helps to control bodys response
- to restore homeostasis/homeostatic levels during times of rest
what activates parasympathetic nervous system?
no dangerous stimuli perceived by the CNS
what are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?
decrease in heart and respiration rate
decrease in atp use, rebuild reserves normal function of body systems
hormones used in parasympathetic nervous system
-absence of sympathetic hormones
receptor type: Alpha
-Apart of sympathetic
located in smooth muscle, blood vessels, visceral organs
- they divert blood from nonessential organs and decrease g1 function and cns stimulation
receptor type: Beta 1
-apart of sympathetic nervous system
- located in heart and kidneys
increase in heart rate and contraction strength
-increase in blood pressure
receptor type: Beta 2
-apart of sympathetic nervous system
-located in smooth muscle, blood vessels, visceral organs
-dilation of blood vessels and living pathways g1 function
receptor type: Nicotinic
apart of parasympathetic nervous system,
- located in smooth muscle and visceral organs
- decrease in heart rate and constriction of lung pathways
-increase in G1 functions
receptor type: Muscarinic
apart of parasympathetic nervous system,
- located in smooth muscle and visceral organs
-decrease in heart rate and constriction of lung pathways and increase in G1 functions
how does a beta blocker medication change the physiology of a human body?
blocks activity that are associated with sympathetic functions
spinal reflexes arc
1: arrival of stimulus and activation of a receptor
2: activation of a sensory neuron firing an action potential that reaches spinal cord via input sat the dorsal root
3: information is processed in CNS ( by interneurons) signal is also relayed to the brain
4: activation of a motor neuron by releasing an excitatory neurotransmitter
5: responds to release of excitatory NT by the motor receptor
why does it take longer to feel pain than it does to move your hand from a dangerous stimuli
it because the response is a reflex that does not involve the brain. A reflex is a rapid, unlearned, involuntary (automatic) response to a stimulus (change in the environment).
why do you think painful stimuli are such useful sensations for learning
because once pain is associated with touching the hot stove then they will no longer do it again
