Reproductive

Question 1

Chlamydia

Answer 1

Definition:
an STD that causes urethritis in men and urethritis and cervicitis in women
Etiology:
-Chlamydia trichromatic (intracellular bacterium) that is transferred via sexual act

Question 2

Gonorrhea

Answer 2

Definition:
STD that is the second most commonly reported disease in the US of the genitourinary tract
Etiology:
-Neisseria gonorrhoeae that is transferred via sexual act or childbirth
-developing drug resistance

Question 3

Trichomoniasis

Answer 3

Definition:
STD that is a protozoal infection of the lower genitourinary tract (vaginal in women, urethral in men)
Etiology:
-Trichomonas vaginalis bacteria via sexual contact
-incubation period of 5-28 days

Question 4

Genital Herpes

Answer 4

Definition:
STD that is incurable, recurrent infection of the genitals with ulcerations spread from skin to skin contact, causing painful sores
Etiology:
-HSV-1 or more commonly HSV-2 viral infection spread to 1-6 adults between the ages of 14-49 via fluids with sexual contact
-women and blacks are more likely to be infected
-increases risk of getting AIDS

Question 4

Genital Warts (condylomata acuminata)

Answer 4

Definition:
an STD with genital infection that causes cauliflower-like growth that may itch or burn and appear several weeks or months after contact via sexual intercourse
Etiology:
-human papillomavirus (HPV) virus is the cause of warts that infects epithelial cells
-incubation period of 1-6 months
-HPV cancer and coinfection with HIV can cause major trouble

Question 5

Syphilis

Answer 5

Definition:
a chronic, systemic, STD that consists of 4 stages
Etiology:
-caused by infection with the T. pallidum spirochete virus through sexual contact of other direct contact with lesions or fluids
-highly contagious when a chancre (sore-type lesion) appears
-male-to-male intercourse is linked to a rising rate in men

Question 6

Chancroid

Answer 6

Definition:
an STD with a soft chancre that is a bacterial infection of the genitalia that causes a necrotizing ulceration and lymphadenopathy
Etiology:
-bacterium Haemophilis ducreyi

Question 7

Hepatitis B

Answer 7

An STD

Question 8

Erectile Dysfunction/Impotence

Answer 8

Definition:
a consistent inability to achieve or maintain penile erections
Etiology:
-anything that obstructs the nerve response to the penis when veins are compressing during arousal alters the blood flow
-psychological basis in depression, guilt, or sexual fear all have rooted cause
-medical conditions that restrict blood flow (diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and hypercholesterolemia) where drugs can treat hypertension

Question 9

Male and Female Infertility

Answer 9

Definition:
involuntary inability to conceive
Etiology:
-males: insufficient number or mobility of sperm, the presence of an STD, infection, blockage in the genitourinary tract, genetic conditions structural anomalies, or the presence of a varicocele
-females: STDs, ovulatory dysfunction (failure to ovulate), blocked fallopian tubes, congenital structural, chromosomal disorders, scar tissue, tumors, endometriosis, antisperm antibodies, medications, or psychological distress

Question 10

Epididymitis

Answer 10

Definition:
male reproductive disease that is inflammtion of the epididymis (excretory duct of the testicles)
Etiology:
-N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis (two most common that are STDs), Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus bacteria all cause
-urinary tract infectionm prostatis, and STDs
-tuberculosis, mumps, prostatectomy, trauma, and the prolonged use of an indwelling cathader, HIV positive

Question 11

Orchitis

Answer 11

Definition:
male reproductive disease that is an infection of the testis
Etiology:
-may be a consequence of the mumps virus as well as other viruses and epididymitis
-acute infection is associated with a STD
-1/2 of severe cases results in atrophy of the affected testicle, sterility when both testicles are affected

Question 12

Torsion of the Testicle

Answer 12

Definition:
male reproductive disease that is a condition in which one testicle is twisted out of normal position
Etiology:
-the testis rotate on the spermatic cord and causes a sudden extreme twist, or torsion that happen spontaneously or as a result of trauma
-arteries and veins are compressed, ischemia develops, and the scrotum swells

Question 13

Varicocele

Answer 13

Definition:
male reproductive disease that occurs when the veins of one of the testicles become abnormally distended, causing swelling around the testicle that expands within the scrotal sac
Etiology:
-incompetent venous valves can cause dilation of large scrotal veins and venous stasis
-can be congenital and becomes symptomatic around 15-25 age group

Question 14

Prostatitis

Answer 14

Definition:
male reproductive disease that is an acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate gland
Etiology:
-cause is usually infection (bacterial or nonbacterial like gonococci, E. coli, urinary tract infection, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, or Pseudomonas; cause is not always known)

Question 15

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Answer 15

Definition:
male reproductive disease that is nonmalignant, noninflammatory hypertrophy of the prostate gland
Etiology:
-not completely understood; related to aging process and hormonal and metabolic changes
-prostate gland enlarges and compresses neck of the bladder or the urethra and causes obstruction or urinary flow

Question 16

Prostate Cancer

Answer 16

Defintion:
male reproductive disorder that is the malignancy of the prostate gland that forms cancer; only 3% of males die from it since it grows so slowly
Etiology:
-risk factors include age (more common in men over the age of 40), heredity, lifestyle, ethnicity (more common in black men), men who have the mutations in the BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 genes (breast cancer susceptibility genes) and the Hereditary Prostate Cancer Gene 1 (HPC1)

Question 17

Testicular Cancer

Answer 17

Definition:
male reproductive disorder in which the testicles develop cancer (most curable solid neoplasms); nearly all are germ cell tumors (GCT) under 2 types (seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT)
Etiology:
-most common in men ages 15-45
-risk factors include cryptorchidism (undescended testicle), family history, previous GCT, infertility, HIV infection, Down syndrome, and Klinefelter’s syndrome

Question 18

Premenstrual Syndrome

Answer 18

Definition:
female reproductive disease that includes physical and emotional symptoms that appear shortly after ovulation and subside with menstruation
Etiology:
-fluctuations in the levels of estrogen and progesterone and their subsequent impact of levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) and alterations that lead to sodium and fluid retention

Question 18

Amenorrhea

Answer 18

Defintion:
female reproductive disease that deals with the absence of menstruation periods, whether temporary of permanent
Etiology:
-late onset of puberty, abnormality in reproductive system, hormonal imbalances in primary disorder
-secondary disorder is mainly hormone related

Question 19

Dysmonorrhea

Answer 19

Definition:
female reproductive disease that includes pain and cramping associated with menstruation in 50% of females
Etiology:
-cause thought to be muscular structure of the uterus and how it reacts to various chemicals produced in the ovulation cycle in primary; secondary by underlying disease or condition

Question 20

Ovarian Cysts

Answer 20

Definition:
female reproductive disease that deal with cysts on the ovaries
Etiology:
-two basic types: physiologic (caused by normal functioning of the cysts by follicles developing on ovaries) or neoplastic (malignant, occasionally when cancer from other parts of the body move here)