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HOSA Pathophysiology > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

A

Brain is damaged by a sudden disruption in the flow of blood to a part of the brain {embolic} or by bleeding inside the head{hemorraghic}

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2
Q

Aphasia

A

Disturbance in language comprehension or production, often as a result of a stroke

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3
Q

Dysphasia

A

Difficult speech

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4
Q

Paralysis

A

Absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment

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5
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body

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6
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision

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7
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (mini-stroke)

A

temporary episodes with a duration of less than 24 hours of impaired neurologic functioning caused by an inadequate flow of blood to a portion of the brain

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8
Q

Ulcer

A

A deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis; may cause periodic bleeding and the formation of scars.

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9
Q

Concussion

A

A loss of function, either partial or complete, as resulting from a blow or fall (for instance)

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10
Q

Contusion

A

A bruise

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11
Q

Contrecoup

A

also known as a counter blow, is an injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact

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12
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Collection of blood that forms between the skull and the dura mater

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13
Q

Dura mater

A

Outermost layer of the meninges

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14
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

blood collects btween the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

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14
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Craniotomy

A

Incision into the skill

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15
Q

Cerebral concussion

A

Temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours

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15
Q

Cerebral contusion

A

Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours

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16
Q

Depressed skull fracture

A

-bone pressed inward into the brain tissue to at least the thickness of the skull; skull depressed : may cause bruising or tearing of dura and lead to menengitis or seizures, -skull depressed : may cause bruising or tearing of dura and lead to menengitis or seizure

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17
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis of one side of the body

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18
Q

Battle’s signs

A

Bruising behind the ears (over the mastoid process); a very late sign of skull fracture.

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19
Q

Raccoon eyes

A

Basal skull fracture

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20
Q

Nuchal rigidity

A

Neck stiffness

21
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis from the waist down

22
Q

Quadriplegia

A

loss of nerve function at the cervical region resulting in paralysis of the arms, hands, trunk, and legs.

23
Q

Degenerative Disk

A

A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging

24
Q

Electromyogram

A

A graphical record of electric currents associated with muscle contractions

25
Q

Analgesic

A

A medicine used to relieve pain

25
Q

NSAIDS

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

26
Q

Herniated disk

A

herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposus (center gelatinous material within an intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae, also called prolapsed disk;
a herniated disk places pressure on a spinal root nerve or the spinal cord. Displacement of the disk irritates the spinal nerves, causing muscle spasm and pain, occurs most commonly in the lower spine

27
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

The central, soft portion of a disk;

27
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Longest and thickest nerve of the body (L4-S3)

28
Q

Sciatica

A

Inflammation of the sciatic nerve

29
Q

Spinal stenosis

A

Narrowing of the spinal canal

29
Q

Cephalalgia (headache)

A

It involves pain anywhere within the cranial cavity varying in intensity from mild to severe, may be chronic or acute, and may occur as a result of a disease process or be totally benign. The majority of headaches are transient and produce mild pain that is relieved by a mild analgesic.

30
Q

Migraine

A

A severe headache, often unilateral, and sometimes accompanied by nausea and vomiting.

31
Q

Tension headache

A

a dull, bilateral, or diffuse headache that is often described as a pressure or squeezing sensation of mild to moderate intensity. This type of headache has no accompanying migraine features (such as nausea), and its pain does not prohibit activity, characteristics that do not match this patient’s symptoms. Headache triggered by stress is often mistaken as tension-type headache, even though stress is one of the most commonly reported migraine triggers. Up to 75% of patients with migraine report neck pain that precedes or occurs during the attack, and this scenario is frequently mistaken for tension-type headache.

32
Q

Vascular headache

A

Pain arises from the vascular system–cluster or migraine headaches due to inappropriate vasoconstriction of the arteries

33
Q

Epilepsy

A

Sudden episodes of abnormal intense electrical activity in the brain

34
Q

Parkinson’s

A

slowly progressive disorder onset of recognizable disturbances:a ‘pill-rolling” tremor of the thumb and forefinger, muscular rigidity, slowness of movement, and post ural instabiltiy

35
Q

Huntington’s chorea

A

hereditary degenerative disease of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia progressive atrophy of the brain occurs

36
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

Progressive, motor neuron disease that results in muscular atrophy

37
Q

Fasciculations

A

Involuntary contractions or twitchings of muscle fibers

38
Q

Biopsy

A

Diagnostic examination of a piece of tissue from the living body

39
Q

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)

A

Irresistible urge to move the legs

40
Q

Transient Global Amnesia

A

Sudden onset of compete anterograde amnesia and learning abilities, pronounced retrograde amnesia, preservation of memory for personal identity, anxious awareness of memory loss with repeated and often perseverative questioning, overall normal behavior

41
Q

Neuropathy/peripheral neuritis

A

Degeneration of the peripheral nerves

42
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia/tic douloureux

A

pains that are innervated by the fifth cranial nerve/trigeminal nerve

42
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

disorder of the facial nerve (seventh cranial) that causes a onset of weakness or paralysis of facial muscles

43
Q

Meningitis

A

Acute infection of the meninges.

44
Q

Encephalitis

A

inflammation of brain tissue

45
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

acute . rapidly progressive disease of the spinal nerves

46
Q

Brain abscess

A

Collection of pus

47
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Viral infection of the anterior horn cells of the gray matter of the spinal cord
Causes a selective destruction of the motor neurons

48
Q

Brain tumors

A

both benign and malignant, are space-occupying lesions that cause increased ICP and localized dysfunction related to their location, S&S - increased ICP, morning headaches, vomiting, seizures

HOSA Pathophysiology (10 decks)

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