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HOSA Pathophysiology > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

Missing Teeth

A

-Permanent teeth missing.
-S&S- Malocclusion (improper positioning of teeth), jaw pain, bolting (inadequate chewing of food).
~Congenital, periodontal disease

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2
Q

Impacted Third Molars (Wisdom Teeth)

A

-Third molar is malpositioned, preventing tooth eruption.
~Become impacted when they don’t have enough room for eruption due to bone structure; adjacent teeth block eruption

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3
Q

Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)

A

-Erosion of tooth surface causing infection.
-S&S-Mild toothache, hypersensitivity to sweets and temp. extremes
~Acid plaque eroding tooth enamel causing formation of cavity

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4
Q

Discolored Teeth

A

-Teeth are discolored
-S&S- colors from slight yellow to brown and gray; brown spots, patches
~Age, Smoking, Dead tooth (gray color), red wine, coffee, tea, food, certain drugs, pertussis (whooping cough)

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5
Q

Gingivitis

A

-Inflammation and swelling of gums
-S&S- gums become red,soft, and shiny; bleed easily; leads to periodontitis if not treated
~Plaque (sticky deposit of mucus, bacteria and food particles that builds up as a result of inadequate brushing and flossing)

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6
Q

Periodontitis

A

-Destructive gum and bone disease around one or more of the teeth
-S&S- end result of gingivitis; pockets form between teeth and gums in ging. that expose the root; plaque develops; halitosis
~Plaque biofilm and unchecked gingivitis; poor personal oral hygiene; smoking.

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7
Q

Oral Tumors

A

-Neoplasms, benign(noncancerous) or malignant(cancerous), localized or invasive.
-S&S- begin as single, small pale lumps. Benign do not metastasize.
~Unknown cause

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8
Q

Malocclusion

A

-Specific angles of malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth, faulty bite
-S&S- protrusion/recession of the jaw; teeth turned/twisted out of position because of crowding
~Characteristics inherited from parents; early loss of primary teeth or oral habits (thumb/finger sucking)

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9
Q

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Syndrome

A

-Symptom complex related to inflammation, disease, or dysfunction of temporomandibular joint
-S&S- clicking sounds during chewing; severe pain/aching beind ears and jaw joints, headache, dizziness
~Bruxism (grinding of teeth); malocclusion; habitual gum chewing

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10
Q

Tooth Abscesses

A

-Pus-filled sac in the tissue surrounding the base of the root
-S&S- persistent aches/throbs; glands in neck and face become swollen/tender; fever
~Forms when a tooth is decayed/dying or when the tooth structure loss exposes the dental nerve to mouth bacteria

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10
Q

Mouth Ulcers (Canker Sores)

A

-Lesion on the mucous membrane, exposing underlying sensitive tissue
-S&S- aphthous: occur during stress/illness; traumatic: from injury (hot food burn, rough denture)
~No viral cause known. Acute ulcerations- viral and bacterial infections, mechanical trauma, stress, or illness

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11
Q

Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores)

A

-Contagious recurrent viral infection affecting skin and mucous membranes
-S&S- on lips and inside the mouth; tingling and numbness around the mouth precede the appearance (prodrome- initial stage of disease before onset of actual symptoms)
~Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1); recurrent because virus can lie dormant

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12
Q

Thrush

A

-Candidiasis of the oral mucosa (mouth, tongue, palate, and gums)
-S&S- burning sensation in the mouth; painful when rubbed; light bleeding might occur; sore slightly raised pale yellow patches in the mouth and sometimes the throat
~The fungus Candida albicans; can multiply out of control; prolonged treatment of antibiotics; cancer chemotherapy; diabetes

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13
Q

Necrotizing Periodontal Disease

A

-Infection affecting the gums and the anchoring structure of the teeth
-S&S- primary symptom: painful, red, swollen gums with ulcers that bleed; gray gums in areas of decomposing tissue; metallic taste
~anaerobic opportunistic bacteria; results from poor oral hygiene and bacterial infection secondary to gingivitis; stress; poor nutrition; smoking

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14
Q

Oral Leukoplakia

A

-Leukoplakia or white plaque is a thickening and hardening of a part of the mucous membrane in the mouth
-S&S- can vary in size; mucous membrane become rough, hard, and whitish gray, sensitive to hot or highly seasoned foods
~Chronic irritation e.g friction caused by habitual cheek biting, rough teeth that rubs an area raw; reaction to heat from tobacco smoke

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15
Q

Oral Cancer

A

-Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the oral cavity (lips, cheek mucosa, anterior tongue, mouth floor, hard palate, upper and lower gingiva
-S&S- white, patchy lesion or an oral ulcer that fails to heal, pain occurs late in disease process which delays seeking medical treatment, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), odynophagia (painful swallowing), weight loss
~Smoking, alcohol, betel nut chewing (SE Asia)

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16
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

-Regurgitation of stomach and duodenal contents into the esophagus
-S&S- belching with burning sensation in chest and mouth; dysphagia; eroded tooth enamel
~Overeating, pregnancy, or weight; relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter; increase in intraabdominal pressure
-Treatment: proton pump inhibitor

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17
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

-Dilated submucosal veins that develop in patients w/ underlying portal hypertension
-S&S- superficial veins lining the esophagus become dilated and twitsted at the distal end; with rupture hematemesis(vomiting of blood); melena (dark, tarry stools stained with digested blood); hypovolemic shock (blood in the circulatory system is decreased)
~increased pressure within the veins causes varices; pressure occurs when the venous return to the liver is impeded

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18
Q

Esophagitis

A

-Inflammation and tissue injury of the esophagus
-S&S: burning chest pain (heartburn); hematemesis
~reflux (backward flow) of the acid contents of the stomach resulting from a defect of the lower esophageal sphincter; GI manifestation of HIV infection

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19
Q

Esophageal Cancer

A

-Malignancy of the esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma)
-dysphagia, weight loss, burning sensation
~SCC- cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption
-Adenocarcinoma- smoking, obesity

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20
Q

Gastric and Duodenal Peptic Ulcers

A

-Ulcers of stomach-gastric; Ulcers of duodenum- duodenal
-S&S- Gastric: nausea; vomiting; abdominal pain. Duodenal: nausea; vomiting; heartburn
~H. Pylori infection; use NSAIDs; ingestion of gastric irritants

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21
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach lining
S&S- Hematemesis; indigestion; epigastric pain
~Irritants such as aspirin; poisons; alcohol; tobacco

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22
Q

Gastric Cancer

A

-Cancer of the stomach
-S&S- hematemesis; dysphagia; melena; nausea
~H. Pylori- smoking; genetic predisposition; dietary factors (e.g diet high in salt)

23
Q

Acute Appendicitis

A

-Inflammation of the appendix
-S&S- nausea, vomiting, and fever
~As bacteria multiply, they invade the wall of the appendix, ad eventually the circulation of the appendix is compromised

24
Hiatal Hernia
-Protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm at the point where the esophagus joins the stomach -S&S- Heartburn; chest pain; dysphagia; indigestion ~Congenital defect in the diaphragm; weakness in diaphragm
25
Abdominal Hernia
-Condition in which an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening of the abdominal wall -S&S- sharp pain in groin (inguinal hernia); gangrene (trapped or strangulated hernia) ~Congenital malformation in abdominal cavity; pregnancy; trauma
26
Chron’s Disease (Regional Enteritis)
-Chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract (any portion from mouth to anus can be affected) -S&S- chronic diarrhea; weight loss; malaise; nausea; anorexia; fever ~Immunologic factors play a role
27
Ulcerative Colitis
-Serious inflammation of the colon -S&S- chronic diarrhea; abdominal cramping; urgency to defecate; mucoid stools; tenesmus ~Unknown cause
28
Gastroenteritis
-Inflammation of the stomach and intestines -S&S- increased intestinal motility; body may lose fluids too rapidly causing dehydration ~Contaminated food or water; ingestion of the poison in certain food or chemicals
28
Intestinal Obstruction
-Mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines -S&S- Severe pain; nausea; vomiting; electrolyte imbalance ~Occurs when the contents of the intestine cannot move forward because of partial/complete blockage of the bowel; mechanical: neoplasm; foreign bodies; volvulus (twisting of the bowel on itself); intussusception (the bowel telescopes into itself); strangulated hernia
29
Diverticulosis
-Progressive condition characterized by defects in the muscular wall of the large bowel -S&S- usually causes no symptoms; blood in stool; diarrhea; difficulty in defecation ~Lack of roughage; outpouches (diverticula) of the mucosa penetrate weak points in the muscular layer of the large intestine
30
Diverticulitis
-Infection of one or more of the diverticula -S&S- Abdominal pain or tenderness ~When one or more of the diverticula become inflamed due to to trapped fecal matter; lack of dietary bulk, inadequate fluid intake, and constipation
31
Colorectal Cancer
-Cancer of the colon and rectum -S&S- Abdominal pain, change in bowel habits; bloody stools; weight loss; cachexia (wasting disorder linked with malnutrition); lymphadenopathy (disease of the lymph nodes) ~Risk increases with age; adenomatous polyps
32
Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis
-Bowel mucosa has a membranous appearance -S&S-mild to severe greenish, foul smelling watery diarrhea; nausea; vomiting ~use of broad spectrum antibiotics; antibiotic therapy reduces the body's natural intestinal flora and allows a bacterial infection with C. difficile to develop
32
Short-Bowel Syndrome
-Small bowel fails to absorb nutrients because of inadequate absorptive surface -S&S- malnutrition; diarrhea; abnormal stools; brittle nails and hair ~Length of intact or functioning small bowel is altered significantly by disease or surgery; Chron's disease; intestinal fraction; volvulus; tumor resection
33
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
-Functional bowel disorder of motility: chronic abdominal pain or discomfort; bloating; erratic dysfunction of bowel habits -S&S- change of bowel habits with predominant diarrhea or constipation; bloating; abdominal distention ~Unknown cause
33
Peritonitis
-Inflammation of the peritoneum -S&S- abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; weakness; profuse sweating ~inflammatory process of peritonitis has the potential to cause abscesses and adhesions to form in the abdominal cavity; primary infection caused by blood borne organisms
34
Hemorrhoids
-Varicose dilations of a vein in the anal canal or the anorectal area -Often painless; rectal pain; itching; protrusion; or bleeding after defecation ~Veins in rectal and anal area become varicose, swollen, and tender as a result of blockage
35
Cirrhosis of the Liver
-Slow deterioration of the liver due to replacement of normal liver cells with hard fibrous scar tissue -S&S- loss of appetite and weight; nausea and vomiting; indigestion ~Chronic alcoholism; malnutrition; hepatitis
35
Viral Hepatitis
-Inflammation of the liver -S&S- jaundice;anorexia; malaise; fever nausea; dark urine
36
Hepatitis A
-Infectious hepatitis; highly contagious ~transmitted by fecal-oral route from contaminated food, water, and stools
37
Hepatitis B
-Serum hepatitis -S&S- can mimic flu ~Sexual contact or blood exchange from the sharing of contaminated needles
37
Hepatitis C
-Transmitted mainly through blood transfusions (by blood and body fluids) ~Working in health care environment is a risk factor
38
Hepatocarcinoma
-Liver cancer -S&S- upper abdominal pain; weight loss; jaundice ~Hepatitis B
39
Cholelithiasis
-Abnormal presence of gallstones that form in bile -S&S- Nausea and vomiting ~Insoluble cholesterol and bile salts
40
Cholecystitis
-Inflammation of the gallbladder -S&S- nausea; vomiting; fever; jaundice; dark urine ~Obstruction of the biliary duct caused by gallstones; trauma or insult including infection
41
Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis
-Inflammation of the pancreas -S&S- severe abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; patient is diaphoretic (profuse perspiration) and tachyycardiac (rapid heartbeat); mild jaundice ~Protein- and lipid-digesting enzymes become activated within the pancreas and begin to digest the pancreas itself (autodigestion)
42
Pancreatic Cancer
-Cancer of the pancreas -S&S- abdominal pain; weight loss; jaundice; nausea; vomiting; acholic (without bile) stools ~Cigarette smoking; obesity
43
Malnutrition
-Disorder of nutrition caused by primary deprivation of protein-energy -Loss of energy; diarrhea; drastic weight change; loss of hair; poor nails ~Kwashiorkor: deficiency of protein in the presence of adequate energy; Marasmus: extreme malnutrition and emaciation
44
Malabsorption syndrome
-Group of disorders in which intestinal absorption of dietary nutrients is impaired -S&S- abdominal discomfort; bloating with gas; chronic diarrhea ~Defective mucosla stools in the small intestine
45
Celiac Disease (Gluten Enteropathy)
-Disease of SI characterized by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, ad damage to the lining of the intestine -S&S- weight loss; anorexia; diarrhea; flatulence (gas)
46
Food Poisoning
-Illness that results from eating food that contains bacterial toxins and viral, chemical, or toxic substances -S&S- malaise; fever; nausea; vomiting ~Food contaminated with bacteria or toxins
46
Anorexia Nervosa
-Eating disorder hunger is denied by self- imposed starvation -S&S- sadness; insomnia; thinning hair; cold intolerance; bloating ~ Cause is Unknown
47
Bulimia
-Binge eating followed by self induced vomiting or purging -S&S- compulsive exercise; vomiting; broken blood vessels in the eye ~Cause is Unknown
48
Motion Sickness
-Loss of equilibrium experience during motion -S&S- nausea, vomiting, air hunger, excessive salivation, sweating ~Disturbance in the sense of balance; fluid in the semicircular canals of the ears becomes dislocated because of the motion

HOSA Pathophysiology (10 decks)

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