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HOSA Pathophysiology > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

Missing Teeth

A

-Permanent teeth missing.
-S&S- Malocclusion (improper positioning of teeth), jaw pain, bolting (inadequate chewing of food).
~Congenital, periodontal disease

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2
Q

Impacted Third Molars (Wisdom Teeth)

A

-Third molar is malpositioned, preventing tooth eruption.
~Become impacted when they don’t have enough room for eruption due to bone structure; adjacent teeth block eruption

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3
Q

Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)

A

-Erosion of tooth surface causing infection.
-S&S-Mild toothache, hypersensitivity to sweets and temp. extremes
~Acid plaque eroding tooth enamel causing formation of cavity

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4
Q

Discolored Teeth

A

-Teeth are discolored
-S&S- colors from slight yellow to brown and gray; brown spots, patches
~Age, Smoking, Dead tooth (gray color), red wine, coffee, tea, food, certain drugs, pertussis (whooping cough)

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5
Q

Gingivitis

A

-Inflammation and swelling of gums
-S&S- gums become red,soft, and shiny; bleed easily; leads to periodontitis if not treated
~Plaque (sticky deposit of mucus, bacteria and food particles that builds up as a result of inadequate brushing and flossing)

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6
Q

Periodontitis

A

-Destructive gum and bone disease around one or more of the teeth
-S&S- end result of gingivitis; pockets form between teeth and gums in ging. that expose the root; plaque develops; halitosis
~Plaque biofilm and unchecked gingivitis; poor personal oral hygiene; smoking.

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7
Q

Oral Tumors

A

-Neoplasms, benign(noncancerous) or malignant(cancerous), localized or invasive.
-S&S- begin as single, small pale lumps. Benign do not metastasize.
~Unknown cause

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8
Q

Malocclusion

A

-Specific angles of malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth, faulty bite
-S&S- protrusion/recession of the jaw; teeth turned/twisted out of position because of crowding
~Characteristics inherited from parents; early loss of primary teeth or oral habits (thumb/finger sucking)

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9
Q

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Syndrome

A

-Symptom complex related to inflammation, disease, or dysfunction of temporomandibular joint
-S&S- clicking sounds during chewing; severe pain/aching beind ears and jaw joints, headache, dizziness
~Bruxism (grinding of teeth); malocclusion; habitual gum chewing

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10
Q

Tooth Abscesses

A

-Pus-filled sac in the tissue surrounding the base of the root
-S&S- persistent aches/throbs; glands in neck and face become swollen/tender; fever
~Forms when a tooth is decayed/dying or when the tooth structure loss exposes the dental nerve to mouth bacteria

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10
Q

Mouth Ulcers (Canker Sores)

A

-Lesion on the mucous membrane, exposing underlying sensitive tissue
-S&S- aphthous: occur during stress/illness; traumatic: from injury (hot food burn, rough denture)
~No viral cause known. Acute ulcerations- viral and bacterial infections, mechanical trauma, stress, or illness

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11
Q

Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores)

A

-Contagious recurrent viral infection affecting skin and mucous membranes
-S&S- on lips and inside the mouth; tingling and numbness around the mouth precede the appearance (prodrome- initial stage of disease before onset of actual symptoms)
~Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1); recurrent because virus can lie dormant

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12
Q

Thrush

A

-Candidiasis of the oral mucosa (mouth, tongue, palate, and gums)
-S&S- burning sensation in the mouth; painful when rubbed; light bleeding might occur; sore slightly raised pale yellow patches in the mouth and sometimes the throat
~The fungus Candida albicans; can multiply out of control; prolonged treatment of antibiotics; cancer chemotherapy; diabetes

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13
Q

Necrotizing Periodontal Disease

A

-Infection affecting the gums and the anchoring structure of the teeth
-S&S- primary symptom: painful, red, swollen gums with ulcers that bleed; gray gums in areas of decomposing tissue; metallic taste
~anaerobic opportunistic bacteria; results from poor oral hygiene and bacterial infection secondary to gingivitis; stress; poor nutrition; smoking

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14
Q

Oral Leukoplakia

A

-Leukoplakia or white plaque is a thickening and hardening of a part of the mucous membrane in the mouth
-S&S- can vary in size; mucous membrane become rough, hard, and whitish gray, sensitive to hot or highly seasoned foods
~Chronic irritation e.g friction caused by habitual cheek biting, rough teeth that rubs an area raw; reaction to heat from tobacco smoke

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15
Q

Oral Cancer

A

-Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the oral cavity (lips, cheek mucosa, anterior tongue, mouth floor, hard palate, upper and lower gingiva
-S&S- white, patchy lesion or an oral ulcer that fails to heal, pain occurs late in disease process which delays seeking medical treatment, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), odynophagia (painful swallowing), weight loss
~Smoking, alcohol, betel nut chewing (SE Asia)

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16
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

-Regurgitation of stomach and duodenal contents into the esophagus
-S&S- belching with burning sensation in chest and mouth; dysphagia; eroded tooth enamel
~Overeating, pregnancy, or weight; relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter; increase in intraabdominal pressure
-Treatment: proton pump inhibitor

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17
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

-Dilated submucosal veins that develop in patients w/ underlying portal hypertension
-S&S- superficial veins lining the esophagus become dilated and twitsted at the distal end; with rupture hematemesis(vomiting of blood); melena (dark, tarry stools stained with digested blood); hypovolemic shock (blood in the circulatory system is decreased)
~increased pressure within the veins causes varices; pressure occurs when the venous return to the liver is impeded

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18
Q

Esophagitis

A

-Inflammation and tissue injury of the esophagus
-S&S: burning chest pain (heartburn); hematemesis
~reflux (backward flow) of the acid contents of the stomach resulting from a defect of the lower esophageal sphincter; GI manifestation of HIV infection

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19
Q

Esophageal Cancer

A

-Malignancy of the esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma)
-dysphagia, weight loss, burning sensation
~SCC- cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption
-Adenocarcinoma- smoking, obesity

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20
Q

Gastric and Duodenal Peptic Ulcers

A

-Ulcers of stomach-gastric; Ulcers of duodenum- duodenal
-S&S- Gastric: nausea; vomiting; abdominal pain. Duodenal: nausea; vomiting; heartburn
~H. Pylori infection; use NSAIDs; ingestion of gastric irritants

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21
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach lining
S&S- Hematemesis; indigestion; epigastric pain
~Irritants such as aspirin; poisons; alcohol; tobacco

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22
Q

Gastric Cancer

A

-Cancer of the stomach
-S&S- hematemesis; dysphagia; melena; nausea
~H. Pylori- smoking; genetic predisposition; dietary factors (e.g diet high in salt)

23
Q

Acute Appendicitis

A

-Inflammation of the appendix
-S&S- nausea, vomiting, and fever
~As bacteria multiply, they invade the wall of the appendix, ad eventually the circulation of the appendix is compromised

24
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

-Protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm at the point where the esophagus joins the stomach
-S&S- Heartburn; chest pain; dysphagia; indigestion
~Congenital defect in the diaphragm; weakness in diaphragm

25
Q

Abdominal Hernia

A

-Condition in which an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening of the abdominal wall
-S&S- sharp pain in groin (inguinal hernia); gangrene (trapped or strangulated hernia)
~Congenital malformation in abdominal cavity; pregnancy; trauma

26
Q

Chron’s Disease (Regional Enteritis)

A

-Chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract (any portion from mouth to anus can be affected)
-S&S- chronic diarrhea; weight loss; malaise; nausea; anorexia; fever
~Immunologic factors play a role

27
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

-Serious inflammation of the colon
-S&S- chronic diarrhea; abdominal cramping; urgency to defecate; mucoid stools; tenesmus
~Unknown cause

28
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

-Inflammation of the stomach and intestines
-S&S- increased intestinal motility; body may lose fluids too rapidly causing dehydration
~Contaminated food or water; ingestion of the poison in certain food or chemicals

28
Q

Intestinal Obstruction

A

-Mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines
-S&S- Severe pain; nausea; vomiting; electrolyte imbalance
~Occurs when the contents of the intestine cannot move forward because of partial/complete blockage of the bowel; mechanical: neoplasm; foreign bodies; volvulus (twisting of the bowel on itself); intussusception (the bowel telescopes into itself); strangulated hernia

29
Q

Diverticulosis

A

-Progressive condition characterized by defects in the muscular wall of the large bowel
-S&S- usually causes no symptoms; blood in stool; diarrhea; difficulty in defecation
~Lack of roughage; outpouches (diverticula) of the mucosa penetrate weak points in the muscular layer of the large intestine

30
Q

Diverticulitis

A

-Infection of one or more of the diverticula
-S&S- Abdominal pain or tenderness
~When one or more of the diverticula become inflamed due to to trapped fecal matter; lack of dietary bulk, inadequate fluid intake, and constipation

31
Q

Colorectal Cancer

A

-Cancer of the colon and rectum
-S&S- Abdominal pain, change in bowel habits; bloody stools; weight loss; cachexia (wasting disorder linked with malnutrition); lymphadenopathy (disease of the lymph nodes)
~Risk increases with age; adenomatous polyps

32
Q

Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis

A

-Bowel mucosa has a membranous appearance
-S&S-mild to severe greenish, foul smelling watery diarrhea; nausea; vomiting
~use of broad spectrum antibiotics; antibiotic therapy reduces the body’s natural intestinal flora and allows a bacterial infection with C. difficile to develop

32
Q

Short-Bowel Syndrome

A

-Small bowel fails to absorb nutrients because of inadequate absorptive surface
-S&S- malnutrition; diarrhea; abnormal stools; brittle nails and hair
~Length of intact or functioning small bowel is altered significantly by disease or surgery; Chron’s disease; intestinal fraction; volvulus; tumor resection

33
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A

-Functional bowel disorder of motility: chronic abdominal pain or discomfort; bloating; erratic dysfunction of bowel habits
-S&S- change of bowel habits with predominant diarrhea or constipation; bloating; abdominal distention
~Unknown cause

33
Q

Peritonitis

A

-Inflammation of the peritoneum
-S&S- abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; weakness; profuse sweating
~inflammatory process of peritonitis has the potential to cause abscesses and adhesions to form in the abdominal cavity; primary infection caused by blood borne organisms

34
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

-Varicose dilations of a vein in the anal canal or the anorectal area
-Often painless; rectal pain; itching; protrusion; or bleeding after defecation
~Veins in rectal and anal area become varicose, swollen, and tender as a result of blockage

35
Q

Cirrhosis of the Liver

A

-Slow deterioration of the liver due to replacement of normal liver cells with hard fibrous scar tissue
-S&S- loss of appetite and weight; nausea and vomiting; indigestion
~Chronic alcoholism; malnutrition; hepatitis

35
Q

Viral Hepatitis

A

-Inflammation of the liver
-S&S- jaundice;anorexia; malaise; fever nausea; dark urine

36
Q

Hepatitis A

A

-Infectious hepatitis; highly contagious
~transmitted by fecal-oral route from contaminated food, water, and stools

37
Q

Hepatitis B

A

-Serum hepatitis
-S&S- can mimic flu
~Sexual contact or blood exchange from the sharing of contaminated needles

37
Q

Hepatitis C

A

-Transmitted mainly through blood transfusions (by blood and body fluids)
~Working in health care environment is a risk factor

38
Q

Hepatocarcinoma

A

-Liver cancer
-S&S- upper abdominal pain; weight loss; jaundice
~Hepatitis B

39
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

-Abnormal presence of gallstones that form in bile
-S&S- Nausea and vomiting
~Insoluble cholesterol and bile salts

40
Q

Cholecystitis

A

-Inflammation of the gallbladder
-S&S- nausea; vomiting; fever; jaundice; dark urine
~Obstruction of the biliary duct caused by gallstones; trauma or insult including infection

41
Q

Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis

A

-Inflammation of the pancreas
-S&S- severe abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; patient is diaphoretic (profuse perspiration) and tachyycardiac (rapid heartbeat); mild jaundice
~Protein- and lipid-digesting enzymes become activated within the pancreas and begin to digest the pancreas itself (autodigestion)

42
Q

Pancreatic Cancer

A

-Cancer of the pancreas
-S&S- abdominal pain; weight loss; jaundice; nausea; vomiting; acholic (without bile) stools
~Cigarette smoking; obesity

43
Q

Malnutrition

A

-Disorder of nutrition caused by primary deprivation of protein-energy
-Loss of energy; diarrhea; drastic weight change; loss of hair; poor nails
~Kwashiorkor: deficiency of protein in the presence of adequate energy; Marasmus: extreme malnutrition and emaciation

44
Q

Malabsorption syndrome

A

-Group of disorders in which intestinal absorption of dietary nutrients is impaired
-S&S- abdominal discomfort; bloating with gas; chronic diarrhea
~Defective mucosla stools in the small intestine

45
Q

Celiac Disease (Gluten Enteropathy)

A

-Disease of SI characterized by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, ad damage to the lining of the intestine
-S&S- weight loss; anorexia; diarrhea; flatulence (gas)

46
Q

Food Poisoning

A

-Illness that results from eating food that contains bacterial toxins and viral, chemical, or toxic substances
-S&S- malaise; fever; nausea; vomiting
~Food contaminated with bacteria or toxins

46
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

-Eating disorder
hunger is denied by self- imposed starvation
-S&S- sadness; insomnia; thinning hair; cold intolerance; bloating
~ Cause is Unknown

47
Q

Bulimia

A

-Binge eating followed by self induced vomiting or purging
-S&S- compulsive exercise; vomiting; broken blood vessels in the eye
~Cause is Unknown

48
Q

Motion Sickness

A

-Loss of equilibrium experience during motion
-S&S- nausea, vomiting, air hunger, excessive salivation, sweating
~Disturbance in the sense of balance; fluid in the semicircular canals of the ears becomes dislocated because of the motion

HOSA Pathophysiology (10 decks)

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