Digestive Flashcards
Missing Teeth
-Permanent teeth missing.
-S&S- Malocclusion (improper positioning of teeth), jaw pain, bolting (inadequate chewing of food).
~Congenital, periodontal disease
Impacted Third Molars (Wisdom Teeth)
-Third molar is malpositioned, preventing tooth eruption.
~Become impacted when they don’t have enough room for eruption due to bone structure; adjacent teeth block eruption
Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
-Erosion of tooth surface causing infection.
-S&S-Mild toothache, hypersensitivity to sweets and temp. extremes
~Acid plaque eroding tooth enamel causing formation of cavity
Discolored Teeth
-Teeth are discolored
-S&S- colors from slight yellow to brown and gray; brown spots, patches
~Age, Smoking, Dead tooth (gray color), red wine, coffee, tea, food, certain drugs, pertussis (whooping cough)
Gingivitis
-Inflammation and swelling of gums
-S&S- gums become red,soft, and shiny; bleed easily; leads to periodontitis if not treated
~Plaque (sticky deposit of mucus, bacteria and food particles that builds up as a result of inadequate brushing and flossing)
Periodontitis
-Destructive gum and bone disease around one or more of the teeth
-S&S- end result of gingivitis; pockets form between teeth and gums in ging. that expose the root; plaque develops; halitosis
~Plaque biofilm and unchecked gingivitis; poor personal oral hygiene; smoking.
Oral Tumors
-Neoplasms, benign(noncancerous) or malignant(cancerous), localized or invasive.
-S&S- begin as single, small pale lumps. Benign do not metastasize.
~Unknown cause
Malocclusion
-Specific angles of malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth, faulty bite
-S&S- protrusion/recession of the jaw; teeth turned/twisted out of position because of crowding
~Characteristics inherited from parents; early loss of primary teeth or oral habits (thumb/finger sucking)
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Syndrome
-Symptom complex related to inflammation, disease, or dysfunction of temporomandibular joint
-S&S- clicking sounds during chewing; severe pain/aching beind ears and jaw joints, headache, dizziness
~Bruxism (grinding of teeth); malocclusion; habitual gum chewing
Tooth Abscesses
-Pus-filled sac in the tissue surrounding the base of the root
-S&S- persistent aches/throbs; glands in neck and face become swollen/tender; fever
~Forms when a tooth is decayed/dying or when the tooth structure loss exposes the dental nerve to mouth bacteria
Mouth Ulcers (Canker Sores)
-Lesion on the mucous membrane, exposing underlying sensitive tissue
-S&S- aphthous: occur during stress/illness; traumatic: from injury (hot food burn, rough denture)
~No viral cause known. Acute ulcerations- viral and bacterial infections, mechanical trauma, stress, or illness
Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores)
-Contagious recurrent viral infection affecting skin and mucous membranes
-S&S- on lips and inside the mouth; tingling and numbness around the mouth precede the appearance (prodrome- initial stage of disease before onset of actual symptoms)
~Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1); recurrent because virus can lie dormant
Thrush
-Candidiasis of the oral mucosa (mouth, tongue, palate, and gums)
-S&S- burning sensation in the mouth; painful when rubbed; light bleeding might occur; sore slightly raised pale yellow patches in the mouth and sometimes the throat
~The fungus Candida albicans; can multiply out of control; prolonged treatment of antibiotics; cancer chemotherapy; diabetes
Necrotizing Periodontal Disease
-Infection affecting the gums and the anchoring structure of the teeth
-S&S- primary symptom: painful, red, swollen gums with ulcers that bleed; gray gums in areas of decomposing tissue; metallic taste
~anaerobic opportunistic bacteria; results from poor oral hygiene and bacterial infection secondary to gingivitis; stress; poor nutrition; smoking
Oral Leukoplakia
-Leukoplakia or white plaque is a thickening and hardening of a part of the mucous membrane in the mouth
-S&S- can vary in size; mucous membrane become rough, hard, and whitish gray, sensitive to hot or highly seasoned foods
~Chronic irritation e.g friction caused by habitual cheek biting, rough teeth that rubs an area raw; reaction to heat from tobacco smoke
Oral Cancer
-Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the oral cavity (lips, cheek mucosa, anterior tongue, mouth floor, hard palate, upper and lower gingiva
-S&S- white, patchy lesion or an oral ulcer that fails to heal, pain occurs late in disease process which delays seeking medical treatment, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), odynophagia (painful swallowing), weight loss
~Smoking, alcohol, betel nut chewing (SE Asia)
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
-Regurgitation of stomach and duodenal contents into the esophagus
-S&S- belching with burning sensation in chest and mouth; dysphagia; eroded tooth enamel
~Overeating, pregnancy, or weight; relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter; increase in intraabdominal pressure
-Treatment: proton pump inhibitor
Esophageal Varices
-Dilated submucosal veins that develop in patients w/ underlying portal hypertension
-S&S- superficial veins lining the esophagus become dilated and twitsted at the distal end; with rupture hematemesis(vomiting of blood); melena (dark, tarry stools stained with digested blood); hypovolemic shock (blood in the circulatory system is decreased)
~increased pressure within the veins causes varices; pressure occurs when the venous return to the liver is impeded
Esophagitis
-Inflammation and tissue injury of the esophagus
-S&S: burning chest pain (heartburn); hematemesis
~reflux (backward flow) of the acid contents of the stomach resulting from a defect of the lower esophageal sphincter; GI manifestation of HIV infection
Esophageal Cancer
-Malignancy of the esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma)
-dysphagia, weight loss, burning sensation
~SCC- cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption
-Adenocarcinoma- smoking, obesity
Gastric and Duodenal Peptic Ulcers
-Ulcers of stomach-gastric; Ulcers of duodenum- duodenal
-S&S- Gastric: nausea; vomiting; abdominal pain. Duodenal: nausea; vomiting; heartburn
~H. Pylori infection; use NSAIDs; ingestion of gastric irritants
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach lining
S&S- Hematemesis; indigestion; epigastric pain
~Irritants such as aspirin; poisons; alcohol; tobacco
Gastric Cancer
-Cancer of the stomach
-S&S- hematemesis; dysphagia; melena; nausea
~H. Pylori- smoking; genetic predisposition; dietary factors (e.g diet high in salt)
Acute Appendicitis
-Inflammation of the appendix
-S&S- nausea, vomiting, and fever
~As bacteria multiply, they invade the wall of the appendix, ad eventually the circulation of the appendix is compromised
Hiatal Hernia
-Protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm at the point where the esophagus joins the stomach
-S&S- Heartburn; chest pain; dysphagia; indigestion
~Congenital defect in the diaphragm; weakness in diaphragm
Abdominal Hernia
-Condition in which an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening of the abdominal wall
-S&S- sharp pain in groin (inguinal hernia); gangrene (trapped or strangulated hernia)
~Congenital malformation in abdominal cavity; pregnancy; trauma
Chron’s Disease (Regional Enteritis)
-Chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract (any portion from mouth to anus can be affected)
-S&S- chronic diarrhea; weight loss; malaise; nausea; anorexia; fever
~Immunologic factors play a role
Ulcerative Colitis
-Serious inflammation of the colon
-S&S- chronic diarrhea; abdominal cramping; urgency to defecate; mucoid stools; tenesmus
~Unknown cause
Gastroenteritis
-Inflammation of the stomach and intestines
-S&S- increased intestinal motility; body may lose fluids too rapidly causing dehydration
~Contaminated food or water; ingestion of the poison in certain food or chemicals
Intestinal Obstruction
-Mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines
-S&S- Severe pain; nausea; vomiting; electrolyte imbalance
~Occurs when the contents of the intestine cannot move forward because of partial/complete blockage of the bowel; mechanical: neoplasm; foreign bodies; volvulus (twisting of the bowel on itself); intussusception (the bowel telescopes into itself); strangulated hernia
Diverticulosis
-Progressive condition characterized by defects in the muscular wall of the large bowel
-S&S- usually causes no symptoms; blood in stool; diarrhea; difficulty in defecation
~Lack of roughage; outpouches (diverticula) of the mucosa penetrate weak points in the muscular layer of the large intestine
Diverticulitis
-Infection of one or more of the diverticula
-S&S- Abdominal pain or tenderness
~When one or more of the diverticula become inflamed due to to trapped fecal matter; lack of dietary bulk, inadequate fluid intake, and constipation
Colorectal Cancer
-Cancer of the colon and rectum
-S&S- Abdominal pain, change in bowel habits; bloody stools; weight loss; cachexia (wasting disorder linked with malnutrition); lymphadenopathy (disease of the lymph nodes)
~Risk increases with age; adenomatous polyps
Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis
-Bowel mucosa has a membranous appearance
-S&S-mild to severe greenish, foul smelling watery diarrhea; nausea; vomiting
~use of broad spectrum antibiotics; antibiotic therapy reduces the body’s natural intestinal flora and allows a bacterial infection with C. difficile to develop
Short-Bowel Syndrome
-Small bowel fails to absorb nutrients because of inadequate absorptive surface
-S&S- malnutrition; diarrhea; abnormal stools; brittle nails and hair
~Length of intact or functioning small bowel is altered significantly by disease or surgery; Chron’s disease; intestinal fraction; volvulus; tumor resection
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
-Functional bowel disorder of motility: chronic abdominal pain or discomfort; bloating; erratic dysfunction of bowel habits
-S&S- change of bowel habits with predominant diarrhea or constipation; bloating; abdominal distention
~Unknown cause
Peritonitis
-Inflammation of the peritoneum
-S&S- abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; weakness; profuse sweating
~inflammatory process of peritonitis has the potential to cause abscesses and adhesions to form in the abdominal cavity; primary infection caused by blood borne organisms
Hemorrhoids
-Varicose dilations of a vein in the anal canal or the anorectal area
-Often painless; rectal pain; itching; protrusion; or bleeding after defecation
~Veins in rectal and anal area become varicose, swollen, and tender as a result of blockage
Cirrhosis of the Liver
-Slow deterioration of the liver due to replacement of normal liver cells with hard fibrous scar tissue
-S&S- loss of appetite and weight; nausea and vomiting; indigestion
~Chronic alcoholism; malnutrition; hepatitis
Viral Hepatitis
-Inflammation of the liver
-S&S- jaundice;anorexia; malaise; fever nausea; dark urine
Hepatitis A
-Infectious hepatitis; highly contagious
~transmitted by fecal-oral route from contaminated food, water, and stools
Hepatitis B
-Serum hepatitis
-S&S- can mimic flu
~Sexual contact or blood exchange from the sharing of contaminated needles
Hepatitis C
-Transmitted mainly through blood transfusions (by blood and body fluids)
~Working in health care environment is a risk factor
Hepatocarcinoma
-Liver cancer
-S&S- upper abdominal pain; weight loss; jaundice
~Hepatitis B
Cholelithiasis
-Abnormal presence of gallstones that form in bile
-S&S- Nausea and vomiting
~Insoluble cholesterol and bile salts
Cholecystitis
-Inflammation of the gallbladder
-S&S- nausea; vomiting; fever; jaundice; dark urine
~Obstruction of the biliary duct caused by gallstones; trauma or insult including infection
Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis
-Inflammation of the pancreas
-S&S- severe abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; patient is diaphoretic (profuse perspiration) and tachyycardiac (rapid heartbeat); mild jaundice
~Protein- and lipid-digesting enzymes become activated within the pancreas and begin to digest the pancreas itself (autodigestion)
Pancreatic Cancer
-Cancer of the pancreas
-S&S- abdominal pain; weight loss; jaundice; nausea; vomiting; acholic (without bile) stools
~Cigarette smoking; obesity
Malnutrition
-Disorder of nutrition caused by primary deprivation of protein-energy
-Loss of energy; diarrhea; drastic weight change; loss of hair; poor nails
~Kwashiorkor: deficiency of protein in the presence of adequate energy; Marasmus: extreme malnutrition and emaciation
Malabsorption syndrome
-Group of disorders in which intestinal absorption of dietary nutrients is impaired
-S&S- abdominal discomfort; bloating with gas; chronic diarrhea
~Defective mucosla stools in the small intestine
Celiac Disease (Gluten Enteropathy)
-Disease of SI characterized by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, ad damage to the lining of the intestine
-S&S- weight loss; anorexia; diarrhea; flatulence (gas)
Food Poisoning
-Illness that results from eating food that contains bacterial toxins and viral, chemical, or toxic substances
-S&S- malaise; fever; nausea; vomiting
~Food contaminated with bacteria or toxins
Anorexia Nervosa
-Eating disorder
hunger is denied by self- imposed starvation
-S&S- sadness; insomnia; thinning hair; cold intolerance; bloating
~ Cause is Unknown
Bulimia
-Binge eating followed by self induced vomiting or purging
-S&S- compulsive exercise; vomiting; broken blood vessels in the eye
~Cause is Unknown
Motion Sickness
-Loss of equilibrium experience during motion
-S&S- nausea, vomiting, air hunger, excessive salivation, sweating
~Disturbance in the sense of balance; fluid in the semicircular canals of the ears becomes dislocated because of the motion
