Reproductive Flashcards
External Genitalia in men:
Penis and Scrotum
Scrotum houses what organ that produces sperm?
Testes
What is the body of the penis called?
Shaft
What is the head of the penis called?
Glans Penis
The glans penis contains the ____________, for sperm to exit through the ______________
Urethral Orifice, Urethra
The loose skin covering the penis at birth is called:
Prepuce/Foreskin
The process to remove the prepuce/foreskin at birth
Circumcision
The tightly coiled sperm-producing factories in the testes
Seminiferous Tubules
The white, viscous secretion with a slight alkaline pH that houses sperm
Semen
Paired sacs located at the base of the bladder that secretes a thick, yellow fluid to nourish and activate sperm
Seminal Vesicles
Small glands that secrete a clear fluid into the urethra during sexual arousal
Bubourethral Glands
Gland located below the bladder that secretes a thin milky fluid that increases sperm motility
Prostate Gland
Puberty is marked by the secretion of what hormone?
Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone(GnRH)
What hormone prompts the testes to secrete testosterone?
Luteinizing Hormone(LH)
What hormone stimulates sperm production?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone(FSH)
What are some examples of secondary sex characteristics?
Pubic hair, facial hair, thicker skin, deepening of voice, increased activity of sweat glands
A procedure to detect tumors, allows palpation of the prostate gland
Digital Rectal Examination(DRE)
An antigen measured to determine the risk of prostate cancer and prostatic hyperplasia
Prostate-Specific Antigen(PSA)
Assesses how well the bladder and urethra are storing and releasing urine
Urodynamic Testing
An imaging technique used to view the urethra and bladder
Cystoscopy
A fat pad that covers the joint connecting two pubic bones in women:
Mons Pubis
Vaginal lips that encase and protect external reproductive organs and vaginal/urethral openings, respectively
Labia Majora and Labia Minora
A tuft of erectile tissue of sexual arousal and pleasure
Clitoris
Small tube-like structure that functions to drain urine from bladder
Urethral Opening
Space between rectal and vaginal openings, aids in constriction of openings
Perineum
Located at the sides of vaginal entrance, produces lubricant during intercourse
Greater Vestibular Glands(Bartholin’s Glands)
Small circular structures of the uterus that function to produce ova and certain hormones
Ovaries
Site of fertilization, transports ova from the ovaries to the uterus
Fallopian Tubes
Projections that push ova into tube
Fimbriae
Hollow round organ between bladder and rectum
Uterus
A narrow portion of the uterus that extends into into the vagina
Cervix
Inner lining of the uterus, where fertilized egg implantation occurs at pregnancy
Endometrium
A thin walled muscular tube that connects uterus to external genitalia
Vagina
What hormone initiates ovarian follicle development, allowing for secretion of estrogen and progesterone?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone(FSH)
What hormone helps control menstrual cycle and triggers ovulation?
Luteinizing Hormone(LH)
What hormone is responsible for breast development and such during puberty?
Estrogen
The first menstrual period, _________, commonly arrives at age _______
Menarche, 12
The first phase of the reproductive cycle
Menstruation Phase
Vaginal bleeding is also known as
Menstruation
During this second phase of the reproductive system, FSH triggers the release of estrogen and progesterone, promoting endometrial thickening
Follicular Phase
Third phase of the reproductive system, also the midpoint of the cycle, peak in estrogen levels and spike in LH levels, causing release of ovum into fallopian tubes
Ovulation
Final phase of reproductive system, empty follicle is converted into corpus luteum, drop in estrogen and progesterone levels, causing cycle to start over at the menstruation phase
Luteal Phase
A protein tumor marker that can be used to diagnose ovarian and endometrial cancer
CA 125
A test used to determine changes in cervical cells
Pap Test
A procedure to dilate the cervix and remove part of the endometrial lining
Dilation and Curettage(D&C)
Used to examine the female reproductive organs
Laparoscopy
Used to visualize the cervix
Colposcopy
Used to visualize uterine lining
Hysteroscopy
X-ray examination of breast tissue
Mammography
The inflammation or infection of the prostate gland
Prostatitis
Category 1 type Prostatitis is called:
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
Similar to Category 1 Prostatitis, but symptoms come slowly and wax and wane
Category 2, Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Similar to Category 2 Prostatitis, but without the fever
Category 3, Chronic Prostatitis(Pelvic Pain Syndrome)
A type of prostatitis that is found with examination, usually doesn’t need treatment
Category 4, Asymptomatic Inflammatory Prostatitis
Inflammation of epididymus
Epididymitis
The 4 organs in the duct system in men:
Epididymis, Ductus, Deferens, and Urethra
The inflammation of testes, caused by a viral or bacterial infection
Orchitis
Failure of testes to descend from abdominal cavity, where fetal scrotum development occurs
Cryptorchidism
Common problem in older males, the enlargement of the prostate glands
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia(BPH)
A malignant tumor on the prostate gland
Prostate Cancer
Never been able to complete intercourse successfully,
Primary ED
Achieved intercourse successfully at least once
Secondary ED
The inability for a male to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient enough for intercourse
Erectile Dysfunction(ED)
The infection of one or more upper reproductive organs in women
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID)
Most important risk factor for cervical cancer in women
Human Papillomavirus(HPV)
Benign tumours of uterine smooth muscles, are the most common tumours of female reproductive system
Leiomyomas
Malignant neoplasm that forms in ovarian tissue
Ovarian Cancer
Malignant tumor that forms in tissues, glands or ducts of breast
Breast Cancer
Non life-threatening, most common benign tumor of the breast
Fibroadenomas
Fluid filled sacs within breast tissue
Breast Cysts
Most common in women of child-bearing age, includes fibrosis and breast cyst formation
Fibrocystic Breast Changes(FBC)
The absence of menstrual periods
Amenorrhea
Menstruation fails to begin by 16 years of age
Primary Amenorrhea
No menstruation periods for 3-6 months or longer
Secondary Amenorrhea
Characterized by painful or difficult menses
Dysmenorrhea
No physical abnormalities, may be caused by prostaglandins
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Involves underlying physical condition, caused by PID or tumours
Secondary Dysmenorrhea
Excessive or prolonged bleeding during menstruation
Menorrhagia
Characterized by bleeding between menstrual periods or extreme irregularity of the menstrual cycle
Metorrhagia
A group of symptoms that start 1-2 weeks before menstruation and end with menses onset
Premenstrual Syndrome(PMS)
A severe form of PMS that occur in some women, can interfere significantly in lives
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder(PMDD)
Characterized by uterine tissue embedding itself outside the uterus
Endometriosus
Endometrial Cysts are also known as:
Endometriomas
A disorder of pregnancy, when the fertilized ovum implants in a tissue other than the uterus
Ectopic Pregnancy
The loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy(usually between the 7th and 12th weeks)
Spontaneous Abortion/Miscarriage
A disorder of pregnancy, characterized by high blood pressure and excess protein in urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy
Preeclampsia
Increased metabolic demands during pregnancy, requiring greater levels of insulin
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus(GMD)
The termination of menstrual periods, typically occurs between age 45 and 55
Menopause
The sliding of the uterus from its normal position in the pelvic cavity into the vaginal canal
Uterine Prolapse
The downward displacement of the urinary bladder into the vagina
Cystocele
The bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina
Rectocele
What does STIs stand for?
Sexually Transmitted Infections
What can cause STIs?
Bacteria, Viruses and Protozoans
Bacterial infection that can be transmitted through sexual contact and during childbirth, caused gram-negative coccus bacterium Neisseria Gonorrhoae
Gonorrhea
STI caused by the bacterium Treponema Pallidum, can be transmitted through sexual contact and contact with syphilis chancre(genital wart)
Syphilis
STI caused by bacterium Chlamydia Trachomatis, transmitted by sexual contact and during vaginal childbirth
Chlamydia
What is chlamydia also known as?
Silent Disease
An STI caused by the protozoan Trichomonas Vaginalis
Trichomoniasis
An STI caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus, spread through mouth secretions or genitals
Genital Herpes
Type of Herpes that affects the mouth and lips, causing sores and blisters , spreading from mouth to genitals during oral sex
HSV-1(Herpes Simplex 1)
Causes genital herpes, more common in women
HSV-2(Herpes Simplex 2)
Consists of one or more benign neoplastic growths on epidermis of genitalia
Genital Warts
What 2 viruses cause 90% of genital warts?
HPV-6 and HPV-11
What metabolite of testosterone is DPH is directly dependant?
Dihydrotestosterone(DHT)
What is known to stimulate the growth of prostatic cancer?
Testosterone
