Reproductive Flashcards by Lucky Cat

External Genitalia in men:

Penis and Scrotum

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Scrotum houses what organ that produces sperm?

Testes

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What is the body of the penis called?

Shaft

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What is the head of the penis called?

Glans Penis

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The glans penis contains the ____________, for sperm to exit through the ______________

Urethral Orifice, Urethra

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The loose skin covering the penis at birth is called:

Prepuce/Foreskin

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The process to remove the prepuce/foreskin at birth

Circumcision

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The tightly coiled sperm-producing factories in the testes

Seminiferous Tubules

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The white, viscous secretion with a slight alkaline pH that houses sperm

Semen

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Paired sacs located at the base of the bladder that secretes a thick, yellow fluid to nourish and activate sperm

Seminal Vesicles

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Small glands that secrete a clear fluid into the urethra during sexual arousal

Bubourethral Glands

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Gland located below the bladder that secretes a thin milky fluid that increases sperm motility

Prostate Gland

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Puberty is marked by the secretion of what hormone?

Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone(GnRH)

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What hormone prompts the testes to secrete testosterone?

Luteinizing Hormone(LH)

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What hormone stimulates sperm production?

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone(FSH)

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What are some examples of secondary sex characteristics?

Pubic hair, facial hair, thicker skin, deepening of voice, increased activity of sweat glands

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A procedure to detect tumors, allows palpation of the prostate gland

Digital Rectal Examination(DRE)

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An antigen measured to determine the risk of prostate cancer and prostatic hyperplasia

Prostate-Specific Antigen(PSA)

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Assesses how well the bladder and urethra are storing and releasing urine

Urodynamic Testing

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An imaging technique used to view the urethra and bladder

Cystoscopy

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A fat pad that covers the joint connecting two pubic bones in women:

Mons Pubis

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Vaginal lips that encase and protect external reproductive organs and vaginal/urethral openings, respectively

Labia Majora and Labia Minora

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A tuft of erectile tissue of sexual arousal and pleasure

Clitoris

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Small tube-like structure that functions to drain urine from bladder

Urethral Opening

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Space between rectal and vaginal openings, aids in constriction of openings

Perineum

Located at the sides of vaginal entrance, produces lubricant during intercourse

Greater Vestibular Glands(Bartholin's Glands)

Small circular structures of the uterus that function to produce ova and certain hormones

Ovaries

Site of fertilization, transports ova from the ovaries to the uterus

Fallopian Tubes

Projections that push ova into tube

Fimbriae

Hollow round organ between bladder and rectum

Uterus

A narrow portion of the uterus that extends into into the vagina

Cervix

Inner lining of the uterus, where fertilized egg implantation occurs at pregnancy

Endometrium

A thin walled muscular tube that connects uterus to external genitalia

Vagina

What hormone initiates ovarian follicle development, allowing for secretion of estrogen and progesterone?

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone(FSH)

What hormone helps control menstrual cycle and triggers ovulation?

Luteinizing Hormone(LH)

What hormone is responsible for breast development and such during puberty?

Estrogen

The first menstrual period, _________, commonly arrives at age _______

Menarche, 12

The first phase of the reproductive cycle

Menstruation Phase

Vaginal bleeding is also known as

Menstruation

During this second phase of the reproductive system, FSH triggers the release of estrogen and progesterone, promoting endometrial thickening

Follicular Phase

Third phase of the reproductive system, also the midpoint of the cycle, peak in estrogen levels and spike in LH levels, causing release of ovum into fallopian tubes

Ovulation

Final phase of reproductive system, empty follicle is converted into corpus luteum, drop in estrogen and progesterone levels, causing cycle to start over at the menstruation phase

Luteal Phase

A protein tumor marker that can be used to diagnose ovarian and endometrial cancer

CA 125

A test used to determine changes in cervical cells

Pap Test

A procedure to dilate the cervix and remove part of the endometrial lining

Dilation and Curettage(D&C)

Used to examine the female reproductive organs

Laparoscopy

Used to visualize the cervix

Colposcopy

Used to visualize uterine lining

Hysteroscopy

X-ray examination of breast tissue

Mammography

The inflammation or infection of the prostate gland

Prostatitis

Category 1 type Prostatitis is called:

Acute Bacterial Prostatitis

Similar to Category 1 Prostatitis, but symptoms come slowly and wax and wane

Category 2, Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis

Similar to Category 2 Prostatitis, but without the fever

Category 3, Chronic Prostatitis(Pelvic Pain Syndrome)

A type of prostatitis that is found with examination, usually doesn't need treatment

Category 4, Asymptomatic Inflammatory Prostatitis

Inflammation of epididymus

Epididymitis

The 4 organs in the duct system in men:

Epididymis, Ductus, Deferens, and Urethra

The inflammation of testes, caused by a viral or bacterial infection

Orchitis

Failure of testes to descend from abdominal cavity, where fetal scrotum development occurs

Cryptorchidism

Common problem in older males, the enlargement of the prostate glands

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia(BPH)

A malignant tumor on the prostate gland

Prostate Cancer

Never been able to complete intercourse successfully,

Primary ED

Achieved intercourse successfully at least once

Secondary ED

The inability for a male to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient enough for intercourse

Erectile Dysfunction(ED)

The infection of one or more upper reproductive organs in women

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID)

Most important risk factor for cervical cancer in women

Human Papillomavirus(HPV)

Benign tumours of uterine smooth muscles, are the most common tumours of female reproductive system

Leiomyomas

Malignant neoplasm that forms in ovarian tissue

Ovarian Cancer

Malignant tumor that forms in tissues, glands or ducts of breast

Breast Cancer

Non life-threatening, most common benign tumor of the breast

Fibroadenomas

Fluid filled sacs within breast tissue

Breast Cysts

Most common in women of child-bearing age, includes fibrosis and breast cyst formation

Fibrocystic Breast Changes(FBC)

The absence of menstrual periods

Amenorrhea

Menstruation fails to begin by 16 years of age

Primary Amenorrhea

No menstruation periods for 3-6 months or longer

Secondary Amenorrhea

Characterized by painful or difficult menses

Dysmenorrhea

No physical abnormalities, may be caused by prostaglandins

Primary Dysmenorrhea

Involves underlying physical condition, caused by PID or tumours

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

Excessive or prolonged bleeding during menstruation

Menorrhagia

Characterized by bleeding between menstrual periods or extreme irregularity of the menstrual cycle

Metorrhagia

A group of symptoms that start 1-2 weeks before menstruation and end with menses onset

Premenstrual Syndrome(PMS)

A severe form of PMS that occur in some women, can interfere significantly in lives

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder(PMDD)

Characterized by uterine tissue embedding itself outside the uterus

Endometriosus

Endometrial Cysts are also known as:

Endometriomas

A disorder of pregnancy, when the fertilized ovum implants in a tissue other than the uterus

Ectopic Pregnancy

The loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy(usually between the 7th and 12th weeks)

Spontaneous Abortion/Miscarriage

A disorder of pregnancy, characterized by high blood pressure and excess protein in urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy

Preeclampsia

Increased metabolic demands during pregnancy, requiring greater levels of insulin

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus(GMD)

The termination of menstrual periods, typically occurs between age 45 and 55

Menopause

The sliding of the uterus from its normal position in the pelvic cavity into the vaginal canal

Uterine Prolapse

The downward displacement of the urinary bladder into the vagina

Cystocele

The bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina

Rectocele

What does STIs stand for?

Sexually Transmitted Infections

What can cause STIs?

Bacteria, Viruses and Protozoans

Bacterial infection that can be transmitted through sexual contact and during childbirth, caused gram-negative coccus bacterium Neisseria Gonorrhoae

Gonorrhea

STI caused by the bacterium Treponema Pallidum, can be transmitted through sexual contact and contact with syphilis chancre(genital wart)

Syphilis

STI caused by bacterium Chlamydia Trachomatis, transmitted by sexual contact and during vaginal childbirth

Chlamydia

What is chlamydia also known as?

Silent Disease

An STI caused by the protozoan Trichomonas Vaginalis

Trichomoniasis

An STI caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus, spread through mouth secretions or genitals

Genital Herpes

Type of Herpes that affects the mouth and lips, causing sores and blisters , spreading from mouth to genitals during oral sex

HSV-1(Herpes Simplex 1)

Causes genital herpes, more common in women

HSV-2(Herpes Simplex 2)

Consists of one or more benign neoplastic growths on epidermis of genitalia

Genital Warts

What 2 viruses cause 90% of genital warts?

HPV-6 and HPV-11

What metabolite of testosterone is DPH is directly dependant?

Dihydrotestosterone(DHT)

What is known to stimulate the growth of prostatic cancer?

Testosterone