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My Packs: HOSA (Pathophysiology)(General) > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

Tetanus is caused by a __________ called:

A

Bacterium, Clostridium Tetani

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2
Q

What two vaccines were created for the polio?disease?

A

Dr. Salk’s vaccine and Dr. Sabin’s oral vaccine

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3
Q

What 2 main organs are in the CNS(Central Nervous System)?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What system do the nerves outside of CNS belong to?

A

Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)

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5
Q

What type of nerves carry information from the CNS to muscles and glands?

A

Motor Nerves

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6
Q

What type of nerves carry information from sense receptors to CNS?

A

Sensory Nerves

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7
Q

The basic unit of the nervous system:

A

Neuron

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8
Q

The filamentous extensions attached to the cell body of neurons, that carries information towards the cell body:

A

Dendrites

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9
Q

A filamentous extension attached to the cell body of neurons that carries information away from the cell body:

A

Axon

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10
Q

The lipoprotein that forms a sheath and insulates axons on neurons

A

Myelin

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11
Q

The three types of neurons:

A

Interneuron, sensory neuron, and motor neuron

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12
Q

Carries impulses between neurons

A

Interneurons

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13
Q

Detects environmental stimuli(Touch, light, pain etc.), and transmits message to the brain or spinal cord

A

Sensory Neurons

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14
Q

Conveys messages from CNS to muscles or glands, causing contractions or secretions

A

Motor Neurons

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15
Q

The brain is protected by the bones of the ________

A

Cranium

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16
Q

The 3 layers of tissue covering the brain

A

Meninges

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17
Q

The innermost meninges is called:

A

Pia mater

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18
Q

The middle meninges is called:

A

Arachnoid

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19
Q

The outermost meninges is called:

A

Dura mater

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20
Q

The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid layer:

A

Subdural Space

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21
Q

The space between the arachnoid layer and pia mater:

A

Subarachnoid Space

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22
Q

The clear fluid containing water, protein, glucose and minerals that fills the subarachnoid space:

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid(CF)

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23
Q

Largest part of the brain, interprets sensory information, directs motor activities and houses intelligence and personality

A

Cerebrum

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24
Q

The outer region of the cerebrum, consists of wrinkly _________ containing neuron cell bodies that appear gray.

A

Cerebral cortex, gray matter

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25
Q

The inner region is the ________ consisting of white colored myelinated axons.

A

White matter

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26
Q

The white matter contains the _________ that control muscle coordination and steady movement

A

Basal ganglia

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27
Q

The two hemispheres of the cerebrum is connected by the nerve fibers of the _________

A

Corpus Callosum

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28
Q

The cerebral cortex is divided by fissures into _________

A

Lobes

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29
Q

Controls voluntary muscle actions, muscles of speech. and contains regions that govern personality, judgement, memory and other cognitive functions

A

Frontal Lobe

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30
Q

Responsible for senses such as hearing, taste, smell, and the ability to understand spoken language

A

Temporal Lobe(s)

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31
Q

Interpret the meaning of incoming sensory signals that arrive from the opposite side of body

A

Parietal Lobe(s)

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32
Q

Devoted to interpreting visual input

A

Occipital Lobe

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33
Q

Lies below the cerebrum, relays sensory information to the correct areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

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34
Q

Lies below thalamus, controls vital body functions such as temperature, blood pressure, breathing, appetite, and the sleep/wake cycle

A

Hypothalamus

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35
Q

The hypothalamus produces _______ and controls the ____________ gland

A

Hormones, Pituitary

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36
Q

Lies below the occipital lobe, controls smooth voluntary movements by coordinating sensory input with muscle actions(enables equilibrium and muscle tone)

A

Cerebellum

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37
Q

Bridges the brain with the spinal cord, helps regulate heart and respiratory rate and controls smooth muscle of blood vessels

A

Medulla Oblongata

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38
Q

The opening at the base of the skull, to the first or second lumbar vertebrae

A

Foramen Magnum

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39
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord

A

31

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40
Q

The PNS is divided into two systems

A

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

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41
Q

Controls voluntary muscle actions and receives input from sensory receptors and sensory organs

A

Somatic Nervous System

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42
Q

Includes ___ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves

A

12,12

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43
Q

Controls glands and involuntary muscle(cardiac muscle, smooth muscle)

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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44
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System is composed of 3 subsystems:

A

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic and Enteric

45
Q

Composed of nerves that arise from the thoracic and lumbar areas of the spinal cord

A

Sympathetic System

46
Q

Bronchial dilation, increased heart rate and blood pressure is a response known as

A

Fight or Flight Response

47
Q

Composed of nerves arising from the cranial and sacral regions(nerves that regulate the resting functions of the body)

A

Parasympathetic System

48
Q

A network of nerves in the abdomen that control the gastrointestinal organs

A

Enteric System

49
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

Electroencephalography

50
Q

Uses a radiopaque dye that is injected into the subarachnoid space the visualize the spinal cord structure

A

Myelography

51
Q

Allows visualization of the cerebral circulation

A

Angiography

52
Q

Common type of mild brain injury, results from blow to head or sudden shaking movement

A

Concussion

53
Q

What are the two forms of severe traumatic brain injury?

A

Closed Injuries and Open Injuries

54
Q

What scale measures mental function, sensory responsiveness, and motor ability?

A

Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)

55
Q

CNS disorder characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which may cause seizures, loss of consciousness, loss of motor control and sensory disturbances

A

Epilepsy

56
Q

Seizures that only affect one side of the brain

A

Focal Seizures

57
Q

Abnormal electrical activity on both sides of the brain or in many different areas in the brain

A

Generalized Seizures

58
Q

Sudden interruption of blood flow to part of the brain caused by a blood clot or a burst blood vessel within the brain

A

Stroke

59
Q

Strokes caused by blood clots are called:

A

Ischemic Strokes

60
Q

Strokes caused by burst blood vessels are called:

A

Hemorrhagic Strokes

61
Q

What type of stroke is most common?

A

Ischemic

62
Q

Temporary interruption of blood flow to brain, like a “mini-stroke”

A

Transient Ischemic Attack(TIA)

63
Q

Rare severe chronic pain from dysfunction of the 5th cranial nerve, most painful medical condition ever recorded

A

Trigeminal Neuralgi(Tic douloureux)

64
Q

Paralysis of facial muscles caused by the inflammation of facial nerve

A

Bell’s Palsy

65
Q

Acute inflammation of first two meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord

A

Meningitis

66
Q

What are the two most common causes of meningitis?

A

Bacterial and Viral

67
Q

The most common cause of Bacterial Meningitis:

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

68
Q

Other bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis:

A

Neisseria meningitides, Listeria monocytogenes, Haemophilus Influenzae Type B(Hib)

69
Q

Most common cause of viral meningitis:

A

Enteroviruses

70
Q

Other causes of viral meningitis:

A

Herpes Simplex Virus, HIV, West Nile Virus, and Mumps

71
Q

Inflammation of brain, most commonly caused by viral infection

A

Encephalitis

72
Q

Viral causes of encephalitis:

A

Arboviruses and viruses that cause herpes complex, chickenpo, chickenpox, shingles, West Nile viruses

73
Q

Crippling, potentially-fatal viral infection that was nearly eradicated by world-wide vaccination

A

Poliomyelitis(Polio)

74
Q

Viral infection of the brain in wild mammals, transmitted to humans via bites

A

Rabies

75
Q

Acute painful inflammation of sensory neurons, cause by reactivation of latent chickenpox virus

A

Shingles(Herpes Zoster)

76
Q

Pain that continues when shingles rashes clear

A

Postherpetic Neuralgia

77
Q

Acute muscle rigidity and paralysis caused a bacterial toxin, commonly known as “lockjaw”

A

Tetanus

78
Q

The toxin of Tetanus is created by what bacteria?

A

Clostridium Tetani

79
Q

The rigid flexed jaw in tetanus is called:

A

Trismus

80
Q

Condition of muscle weakness and paralysis caused by botulinum toxin

A

Botulism

81
Q

What bacteria causes botulism?

A

Clostridium Botulinum

82
Q

What are the three forms of botulism?

A

Infant, food-borne and wound

83
Q

Paralysis caused by binding of the botulinum toxin to motor neurons, preventing them from sending signals to the muscles

A

Flaccid Paralysis

84
Q

Botulism characterized by constipation, “floppy head” and difficulty crying and swallowing

A

Infant Botulism

85
Q

Botulism characterized by droopy facial and eye muscles, and difficulty swallowing or speaking

A

Foodborne Botulism/Wound Botulism

86
Q

An uncommon, potentially disabling or fatal neurological illness, occurs in children after viral infection, causes liver and brain inflammation

A

Reye Syndrome(RS)

87
Q

Most common form of dementia, results in progressive destruction of memory and nearly all other important brain functions

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

88
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease brain has knots of protein deposits called:

A

Plaques

89
Q

Tangles of protein in Alzheimer’s Disease that develop with neurons

A

Neurofibrillary tangles

90
Q

Chronic, progressive, degenerative autoimmune disorder of the CNS, characterized by nerve inflammation and myelin destruction

A

Multiple Sclerosis(MS)

91
Q

Terminal disease, progressive loss of motor function due to destruction of motor areas and nerves

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS)

92
Q

What is ALS also known as?

A

Lou-Gehrig’s Disease

93
Q

Degenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of control over muscle coordination and movement

A

Parkinson’s Disease

94
Q

The death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain region in Parkinson’s is called:

A

Substantia Nigra

95
Q

What can be converted to dopamine to reduce motor problems in Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Levodopa(L-dopa)

96
Q

What prolongs levels of L-dopa?

A

Carbidopa

97
Q

Disorder characterized by shaking of hands and head, especially during voluntary movements

A

Essential Tremor

98
Q

Progressive degenerative disease of the brain that affects motor and cognitive function

A

Huntington’s Disease(Huntington’s Chorea)

99
Q

Involuntary and ceaseless, rapid jerky movement in Huntington’s Disease

A

Chorea

100
Q

Type of neural tube defect, vertebrae fail to fuse properly, producing a weak spot over the spinal cord or an opening that exposes the spinal cord

A

Spina Bifida

101
Q

A form of spina bifida, characterized by a dimple or tuft of hair near the defect(doesn’t cause neurological problems)

A

Occulta Spina Bifida

102
Q

Rare form of spina bifida, characterized by protrusion of the meninges through a small opening(doesn’t cause neurological defects)

A

Meningocele

103
Q

The two most common and more serious forms of spina bifida, characterized by an opening that exposes the spinal cord

A

Meningomyelocele and Myelocele

104
Q

Condition of the buildup of CSF around the brain

A

Hydrocephalus

105
Q

Congenital disorder characterized by impaired muscle movement, tone and posture

A

Cerebral Palsy

106
Q

Most common form of brain tumor:

A

Benign

107
Q

What can cause closed severe traumatic brain injury?

A

Sudden movement of the brain in the skull such as falls, automobile crashes, and blows to the head

108
Q

What can cause open severe traumatic brain injury?

A

Penetrating wounds from firearms or sharp objects

My Packs: HOSA (Pathophysiology)(General) (10 decks)

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