Nervous Flashcards
1
Q
Tetanus is caused by a __________ called:
A
Bacterium, Clostridium Tetani
2
Q
What two vaccines were created for the polio?disease?
A
Dr. Salk’s vaccine and Dr. Sabin’s oral vaccine
3
Q
What 2 main organs are in the CNS(Central Nervous System)?
A
Brain and spinal cord
4
Q
What system do the nerves outside of CNS belong to?
A
Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)
5
Q
What type of nerves carry information from the CNS to muscles and glands?
A
Motor Nerves
6
Q
What type of nerves carry information from sense receptors to CNS?
A
Sensory Nerves
7
Q
The basic unit of the nervous system:
A
Neuron
8
Q
The filamentous extensions attached to the cell body of neurons, that carries information towards the cell body:
A
Dendrites
9
Q
A filamentous extension attached to the cell body of neurons that carries information away from the cell body:
A
Axon
10
Q
The lipoprotein that forms a sheath and insulates axons on neurons
A
Myelin
11
Q
The three types of neurons:
A
Interneuron, sensory neuron, and motor neuron
12
Q
Carries impulses between neurons
A
Interneurons
13
Q
Detects environmental stimuli(Touch, light, pain etc.), and transmits message to the brain or spinal cord
A
Sensory Neurons
14
Q
Conveys messages from CNS to muscles or glands, causing contractions or secretions
A
Motor Neurons
15
Q
The brain is protected by the bones of the ________
A
Cranium
16
Q
The 3 layers of tissue covering the brain
A
Meninges
17
Q
The innermost meninges is called:
A
Pia mater
18
Q
The middle meninges is called:
A
Arachnoid
19
Q
The outermost meninges is called:
A
Dura mater
20
Q
The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid layer:
A
Subdural Space
21
Q
The space between the arachnoid layer and pia mater:
A
Subarachnoid Space
22
Q
The clear fluid containing water, protein, glucose and minerals that fills the subarachnoid space:
A
Cerebrospinal Fluid(CF)
23
Q
Largest part of the brain, interprets sensory information, directs motor activities and houses intelligence and personality
A
Cerebrum
24
Q
The outer region of the cerebrum, consists of wrinkly _________ containing neuron cell bodies that appear gray.
A
Cerebral cortex, gray matter
25
The inner region is the ________ consisting of white colored myelinated axons.
White matter
26
The white matter contains the _________ that control muscle coordination and steady movement
Basal ganglia
27
The two hemispheres of the cerebrum is connected by the nerve fibers of the _________
Corpus Callosum
28
The cerebral cortex is divided by fissures into _________
Lobes
29
Controls voluntary muscle actions, muscles of speech. and contains regions that govern personality, judgement, memory and other cognitive functions
Frontal Lobe
30
Responsible for senses such as hearing, taste, smell, and the ability to understand spoken language
Temporal Lobe(s)
31
Interpret the meaning of incoming sensory signals that arrive from the opposite side of body
Parietal Lobe(s)
32
Devoted to interpreting visual input
Occipital Lobe
33
Lies below the cerebrum, relays sensory information to the correct areas of the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
34
Lies below thalamus, controls vital body functions such as temperature, blood pressure, breathing, appetite, and the sleep/wake cycle
Hypothalamus
35
The hypothalamus produces _______ and controls the ____________ gland
Hormones, Pituitary
36
Lies below the occipital lobe, controls smooth voluntary movements by coordinating sensory input with muscle actions(enables equilibrium and muscle tone)
Cerebellum
37
Bridges the brain with the spinal cord, helps regulate heart and respiratory rate and controls smooth muscle of blood vessels
Medulla Oblongata
38
The opening at the base of the skull, to the first or second lumbar vertebrae
Foramen Magnum
39
How many pairs of spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord
31
40
The PNS is divided into two systems
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
41
Controls voluntary muscle actions and receives input from sensory receptors and sensory organs
Somatic Nervous System
42
Includes ___ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves
12,12
43
Controls glands and involuntary muscle(cardiac muscle, smooth muscle)
Autonomic Nervous System
44
The Autonomic Nervous System is composed of 3 subsystems:
Sympathetic, Parasympathetic and Enteric
45
Composed of nerves that arise from the thoracic and lumbar areas of the spinal cord
Sympathetic System
46
Bronchial dilation, increased heart rate and blood pressure is a response known as
Fight or Flight Response
47
Composed of nerves arising from the cranial and sacral regions(nerves that regulate the resting functions of the body)
Parasympathetic System
48
A network of nerves in the abdomen that control the gastrointestinal organs
Enteric System
49
What does EEG stand for?
Electroencephalography
50
Uses a radiopaque dye that is injected into the subarachnoid space the visualize the spinal cord structure
Myelography
51
Allows visualization of the cerebral circulation
Angiography
52
Common type of mild brain injury, results from blow to head or sudden shaking movement
Concussion
53
What are the two forms of severe traumatic brain injury?
Closed Injuries and Open Injuries
54
What scale measures mental function, sensory responsiveness, and motor ability?
Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)
55
CNS disorder characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which may cause seizures, loss of consciousness, loss of motor control and sensory disturbances
Epilepsy
56
Seizures that only affect one side of the brain
Focal Seizures
57
Abnormal electrical activity on both sides of the brain or in many different areas in the brain
Generalized Seizures
58
Sudden interruption of blood flow to part of the brain caused by a blood clot or a burst blood vessel within the brain
Stroke
59
Strokes caused by blood clots are called:
Ischemic Strokes
60
Strokes caused by burst blood vessels are called:
Hemorrhagic Strokes
61
What type of stroke is most common?
Ischemic
62
Temporary interruption of blood flow to brain, like a "mini-stroke"
Transient Ischemic Attack(TIA)
63
Rare severe chronic pain from dysfunction of the 5th cranial nerve, most painful medical condition ever recorded
Trigeminal Neuralgi(Tic douloureux)
64
Paralysis of facial muscles caused by the inflammation of facial nerve
Bell's Palsy
65
Acute inflammation of first two meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord
Meningitis
66
What are the two most common causes of meningitis?
Bacterial and Viral
67
The most common cause of Bacterial Meningitis:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
68
Other bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis:
Neisseria meningitides, Listeria monocytogenes, Haemophilus Influenzae Type B(Hib)
69
Most common cause of viral meningitis:
Enteroviruses
70
Other causes of viral meningitis:
Herpes Simplex Virus, HIV, West Nile Virus, and Mumps
71
Inflammation of brain, most commonly caused by viral infection
Encephalitis
72
Viral causes of encephalitis:
Arboviruses and viruses that cause herpes complex, chickenpo, chickenpox, shingles, West Nile viruses
73
Crippling, potentially-fatal viral infection that was nearly eradicated by world-wide vaccination
Poliomyelitis(Polio)
74
Viral infection of the brain in wild mammals, transmitted to humans via bites
Rabies
75
Acute painful inflammation of sensory neurons, cause by reactivation of latent chickenpox virus
Shingles(Herpes Zoster)
76
Pain that continues when shingles rashes clear
Postherpetic Neuralgia
77
Acute muscle rigidity and paralysis caused a bacterial toxin, commonly known as "lockjaw"
Tetanus
78
The toxin of Tetanus is created by what bacteria?
Clostridium Tetani
79
The rigid flexed jaw in tetanus is called:
Trismus
80
Condition of muscle weakness and paralysis caused by botulinum toxin
Botulism
81
What bacteria causes botulism?
Clostridium Botulinum
82
What are the three forms of botulism?
Infant, food-borne and wound
83
Paralysis caused by binding of the botulinum toxin to motor neurons, preventing them from sending signals to the muscles
Flaccid Paralysis
84
Botulism characterized by constipation, "floppy head" and difficulty crying and swallowing
Infant Botulism
85
Botulism characterized by droopy facial and eye muscles, and difficulty swallowing or speaking
Foodborne Botulism/Wound Botulism
86
An uncommon, potentially disabling or fatal neurological illness, occurs in children after viral infection, causes liver and brain inflammation
Reye Syndrome(RS)
87
Most common form of dementia, results in progressive destruction of memory and nearly all other important brain functions
Alzheimer's Disease
88
Alzheimer's Disease brain has knots of protein deposits called:
Plaques
89
Tangles of protein in Alzheimer's Disease that develop with neurons
Neurofibrillary tangles
90
Chronic, progressive, degenerative autoimmune disorder of the CNS, characterized by nerve inflammation and myelin destruction
Multiple Sclerosis(MS)
91
Terminal disease, progressive loss of motor function due to destruction of motor areas and nerves
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS)
92
What is ALS also known as?
Lou-Gehrig's Disease
93
Degenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of control over muscle coordination and movement
Parkinson's Disease
94
The death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain region in Parkinson's is called:
Substantia Nigra
95
What can be converted to dopamine to reduce motor problems in Parkinson's Disease?
Levodopa(L-dopa)
96
What prolongs levels of L-dopa?
Carbidopa
97
Disorder characterized by shaking of hands and head, especially during voluntary movements
Essential Tremor
98
Progressive degenerative disease of the brain that affects motor and cognitive function
Huntington's Disease(Huntington's Chorea)
99
Involuntary and ceaseless, rapid jerky movement in Huntington's Disease
Chorea
100
Type of neural tube defect, vertebrae fail to fuse properly, producing a weak spot over the spinal cord or an opening that exposes the spinal cord
Spina Bifida
101
A form of spina bifida, characterized by a dimple or tuft of hair near the defect(doesn't cause neurological problems)
Occulta Spina Bifida
102
Rare form of spina bifida, characterized by protrusion of the meninges through a small opening(doesn't cause neurological defects)
Meningocele
103
The two most common and more serious forms of spina bifida, characterized by an opening that exposes the spinal cord
Meningomyelocele and Myelocele
104
Condition of the buildup of CSF around the brain
Hydrocephalus
105
Congenital disorder characterized by impaired muscle movement, tone and posture
Cerebral Palsy
106
Most common form of brain tumor:
Benign
107
What can cause closed severe traumatic brain injury?
Sudden movement of the brain in the skull such as falls, automobile crashes, and blows to the head
108
What can cause open severe traumatic brain injury?
Penetrating wounds from firearms or sharp objects
