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My Packs: HOSA (Pathophysiology)(General) > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Disease characterized by excessive urine production, can reach 20 litres(about 5 gallons) per day, and intense thirst

A

Diabetes Insipidus

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2
Q

What key component of the pancreas is used to treat diabetes insipidus?

A

Insulin

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3
Q

Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands

A

Hormones

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4
Q

Hormones can affect:

A

Growth, development, energy metabolism, muscle and fat distribution, sexual development, fluid and electrolyte balance, inflammation, and immune responses

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5
Q

Endocrine Glands include:

A

Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Endocrine Pancreas and Gonads(Ovaries and Testes) Glands

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6
Q

Hormones are composed of either _______ or _______

A

Proteins or Amino Acids

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7
Q

Most Glandular activity is controlled by the ___________

A

Pituitary Gland(Master Gland)

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8
Q

The pituitary gland is controlled by the _________, the homeostatic center of the body and part of the central nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

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9
Q

Secreted when blood sugar levels rise

A

Insulin

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10
Q

Works antagonistically to insulin and is released when the blood sugar level falls below normal

A

Glucagon

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11
Q

When the level of hormone is adequate, its further release is stopped via ________________

A

Negative-Feedback Mechanism

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12
Q

The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain is also known as the:

A

Hypophysis

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13
Q

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Adenohypophysis

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14
Q

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Neurohypophysis

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15
Q

Stalk connecting the pituitary gland to the floor hypothalamus

A

Infundibulum

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16
Q

The six major hormones produced by the anterior pituitary that control the function of other endocrine glands collectively

A

Tropic Hormones

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17
Q

The hormones produced in and stored in the posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH), Oxytocin

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18
Q

Also known as somatotrophin, affects all parts of the body by promoting growth of tissues and bones(especially before puberty), produced in anterior pituitary

A

Growth Hormone(GH)

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19
Q

Controls hormone secretion of the thyroid gland, without this hormone the thyroid gland stops functioning, produced in anterior pituitary

A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone(TSH)

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20
Q

Inner part of adrenal gland

A

Adrenal Medulla

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21
Q

Outer part of adrenal gland

A

Adrenal Cortex

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22
Q

Regulates adrenal glands by stimulating the release of adrenal cortex hormones, produced in anterior pituitary

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)

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23
Q

Stimulates egg and sperm production, produced in anterior pituitary

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone(FSH)

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24
Q

Stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone and stimulates the testes to produce testosterone, produced in anterior pituitary

A

Luteinizing Hormone(LH)

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25
Q

A surge in LH is the signal for

A

Ovulation

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26
Q

Anterior Pituitary regulates sexual development and functions by releasing hormones such as FSH and LH, known as:

A

Gonadotropins

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27
Q

Stimulates breast development and formation of milk during pregnancy and after delivery, produced in anterior pituitary

A

Prolactin

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28
Q

Also known as vasopressin. Stimulates water absorption in the kidneys and therefore has an antidiuretic effect(depressing the formation of urine), produced in posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)

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29
Q

Stimulates uterine contractions, triggers release of milk from the breasts, and causes ejection of prostate gland secretions, produced in posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

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30
Q

The thyroid cartilage is also known as:

A

Adam’s Apple

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31
Q

The connecting strip of the two lobes of the thyroid gland anterior to the trachea is also known as:

A

Isthmus

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32
Q

The two iodine-containing hormones are known as:

A

Thyroid Hormone(TH)

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33
Q

The principle thyroid hormone, T_4 is known as:

A

Thyroxine

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34
Q

The thyroid hormone T_3 is known as:

A

Triiodothyronine

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35
Q

Effect of Thyroid Hormone on basal metabolic rate/temperature regulation

A

Increases basal metabolic rate and body temperature

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36
Q

Effect of Thyroid Hormone on carbohydrate/lipid/protein metabolism

A

Promotes glucose catabolism; mobilizes fats; essential for protein synthesis; enhances synthesis of cholesterol by the liver

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37
Q

Effect of Thyroid Hormone on nervous system

A

Promotes normal development of the nervous system in fetus and infants; normal nervous system function in adults

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38
Q

Effect of Thyroid Hormone on cardiovascular system

A

Promotes normal functioning of the heart

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39
Q

Effect of Thyroid Hormone on muscular system

A

Promotes normal muscular development and function

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40
Q

Effect of Thyroid Hormone on skeletal system

A

Promotes normal growth and maturation of skeleton

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41
Q

Effect of Thyroid Hormone on gastrointestinal system

A

Promotes normal gastrointestinal motility; increases secretion of digestive juices

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42
Q

Effect of Thyroid Hormone on reproductive system

A

Promotes normal reproductive functions in females

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43
Q

Effect of Thyroid Hormone on integumentary system

A

Promotes normal hydration and secretory activity of skin

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44
Q

Endocrine gland located on the neck region

A

Thyroid Gland

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45
Q

Four tiny endocrine glands located posterior to the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid Gland

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46
Q

Hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland

A

Parathyroid Hormone(PTH)/Parathormone

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47
Q

The parathyroid gland regulates what two minerals in the human body?

A

Calcium and Phosphate

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48
Q

This mineral is essential in blood-clotting and plays a significant role in muscle contractions and heart tone

A

Calcium

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49
Q

PTH prevents calcium from getting diposed in _______ by telling the ______ to reabsorb it

A

Urine, Kidneys

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50
Q

PTH increases the activity of ______, allowing calcium release into the blood stream

A

Osteoclasts

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51
Q

The outer part of the adrenal gland is known as the ___________

A

Adrenal Cortex

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52
Q

The inner part of the adrenal glands is known as the __________

A

Adrenal Medulla

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53
Q

What do the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Corticoids(Corticosteroid Hormones)

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54
Q

How many different types of Corticoids are there?

A

3

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55
Q

What kind of Corticoid regulates salt balance?

A

Mineralcorticoids

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56
Q

What principle corticosteroid hormone is involved in sodium retention and potassium secretion by the kidneys?

A

Aldosterone

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57
Q

What kind of Corticoid regulates carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism?

A

Glucocorticoids

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58
Q

What is the principle glucocorticoid hormone?

A

Cortisol(Hydrocortisone)

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59
Q

What type of Corticoid has two forms, a male and a female form?

A

Sex Hormones

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60
Q

What are the male sex hormones called?

A

Androgens

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61
Q

What are the female sex hormones called?

A

Estrogens

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62
Q

Secreted by the adrenal medulla, what hormone causes vasodilation and increases heart rate, blood pressure and respiration?

A

Epinephrine

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63
Q

Secreted by the adrenal medulla, what hormone brings about general vasoconstriction?

A

Norepinephrine

64
Q

What endocrine organ synthesizes, stores and releases insulin, glucagon and somatostatin?

65
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do when required?

A

Shunt blood to required organs

66
Q

Where are beta, alpha and delta cells located?

A

Islet of Langerhans(Pancreatic Islets)

67
Q

What cell secrets insulin?

A

Beta Cells

68
Q

What cells secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha Cells

69
Q

What hormone secreted by delta cells inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon?

A

Somatostatin

70
Q

Insulin _______ blood glucose, Glucagon ________ blood glucose

A

Insulin Lowers, Glucagon Raises

71
Q

What is normal blood glucose?

A

80-120mg/dL

72
Q

Insulin moves sugar out of the blood and intro the __________

73
Q

Carbohydrates not needed for immediate energy, are mostly stored in the liver as what?

74
Q

Glucagon triggers the _________ to release glycogen

75
Q

What organ secretes estrogen and progresterone?

76
Q

What organ secretes testosterone?

77
Q

Estrogen and progresterone regulates sexual development, secondary sex characteristics and the reproductive cycle in __________

78
Q

Testosterone regulates sexual development and such in _________

79
Q

Which two endocrine glands can be physically examined?

A

Thyroid and Testes

80
Q

ELISA is known as what?

A

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

81
Q

RIA is known as what?

A

Radioimmunoassay

82
Q

ELISA and RIA measure hormone levels in the ________ and ________

A

Urine and Blood

83
Q

Very high concentrations of hormones in blood/urine results in ________ antigen-antibody complexes

84
Q

Very low concentrations of hormones in blood/urine results in ________ antigen-antibody complexes

85
Q

What tests can be used to locate glandular tumors?

A

Imaging Tests

86
Q

What is taken to determine if a tumor is malignant or not?

87
Q

What can cause anterior pituitary hyposecretion?

A

Inherited disorders, malignant tumors, inadequate secretion of hormones, infllammation, vascular changes

88
Q

Inadequate secretion of growth hormone, affecting less than 200,000 people in the US, idiopathic, treated using GH replacement therapy

A

Pituitary Dwarfism

89
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in children, caused by benign tumor on pituitary gland

90
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults, also caused by benign tumor on pituitary gland

A

Acromegaly

91
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hyposecretion, results from decreased secretion or action of ADH(vasopressin)

A

Diabetes Insipidus(DI)

92
Q

Abnormally large amounts of urine is known as:

93
Q

Extreme thirst and increase in fluid intake is known as:

A

Polydipsia

94
Q

DI caused by damage to the pituitary gland from surgery, tumor, and illness

A

Central DI

95
Q

DI caused by defect in kidney tubules or use of certain drugs(lithium, democlocycline etc.)

A

Nephrogenic DI

96
Q

Signs and symptoms of pituitary dwarfism

A

Growth before age of five years, absent or delayed sexual development, short stature and height for age

97
Q

Below normal production of T(4), occurs in 1%-2% of the population, risk factors include radiation to neck and head, being a women, and autoimmune diseases(E.x. Hashimoto’s)

A

Hypothyroidism

98
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism, treated by thyroid hormone supplementation

99
Q

Underdevelopment is known as:

A

Hypoplasia

100
Q

Absence of development

101
Q

The most common form of hyperthyroidism, more common in women than men

A

Grave’s Disease

102
Q

About half of the people with Grave’s Disease have bulging eyes, known as:

A

Grave’s Ophthalmopathy

103
Q

Sudden increase in severity of signs and symptoms of Grave’s Disease may indicate:

A

Thyrotoxicosis(Thyroid Storm)

104
Q

Enlargement of thyroid gland, risks include being female, over the age of 40 and family history

A

Simple Goiter

105
Q

Lump in neck, voice hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, pain in neck and throat, swollen lymph nodes in neck. Risks: being female, low iodine diet, radiation

A

Thyroid Cancer

106
Q

Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone by parathyroid glands, caused by benign tumors

A

Hyperparathyroidism

107
Q

Calcium levels above normal

A

Hypercalcemia

108
Q

Decrease in parathyroid hormones by parathyroid glands, characterized by tetany(muscle contractions), treated with calcium and Vitamin D

A

Hypoparathyroidism

109
Q

The result of undersecretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex

A

Hypoadrenalism

110
Q

Hypoadrenalism is also known as:

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency or Addison’s Disease

111
Q

What is the medical term for fainting?

112
Q

Addison’s Disease can cause the life-threatening condition known as:

A

Acute Adrenal Insufficiency

113
Q

The overproduction of cortisol or overproduction of aldosterone

A

Hyperadrenalism

114
Q

The overproduction of cortisol is known as, caused by pituitary tumors and adrenal tumors:

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

115
Q

A classic sign of Cushing’s Disease is fat accumulating behind the shoulders, known as:

A

Buffalo Hump

116
Q

The overproduction of aldosterone, caused by benign tumor of adrenal cortex, with the only sign being hypertension and sometimes hypokalemia

A

Conn’s Syndrome

117
Q

A low potassium level is known as:

A

Hypokalemia

118
Q

Endocrine disease of impaired glucose regulation and hyperglycemia caused by complex interactions of genetics, environmental reactions and lifestyle choices

A

Diabetes Mellitus(DM)(Hyperglycemia)

119
Q

Charcterized by little or no insulin production, formerly known as “juvenile onset diabetes”

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus(T1DM)

120
Q

T1DM occurs when an autoimmune process develops , where the immune system attacks and destroys _______ cell

121
Q

Diagnosis tests for T1DM

A

Fasting blood glucose level test, glucose tolerance test, glycosylated hemoglobin determination

122
Q

How long does a person fast before taking a fasting blood glucose level test?

123
Q

A patient drinks a _________ solution _____ hours after a fast for the glucose tolerance test

A

Standard glucose, 10

124
Q

Accounts for 90-95% of diabetes cases, where the effects of insulin or doesn’t produce enough insulin to maintain blood glucose levels

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(T2DM)

125
Q

Diabetes that develops during pregnancy, resistance to the effect of insulin due to metabolic changes of pregnancy

A

Gestational Diabetes

126
Q

A complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by fruity breath in individuals

A

Ketoacidosis

127
Q

Acidic waste by-products produced when cells use protein and fat as their energy source

128
Q

Ketones in blood, breath and urine is known as

129
Q

Ketone produce _______ in tissues

130
Q

Insufficient insulin administration or consuming too many carbohydrates

A

Diabetic Coma

131
Q

Administering too much insulin, not eating enough food, exercising too much

A

Insulin Shock

132
Q

Present with hyperglycemia, can lose up to 10L of fluids in a short period of time

A

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

133
Q

Hyperglycemia damages ________ lining of blood vessels

A

Endothelial

134
Q

Microvascular diseases occur in:

A

Eyes, Kidneys and Nerves

135
Q

Macrovascular disease of diabetes include:

A

Retinopathy, Nephropathy and Neuropathy

136
Q

The leading cause of blindness in adults from ages 20-70

A

Diabetic Retinopathy

137
Q

Causes end stage kidney failure in diabetes patients, occurs in 20-30% of diabetes patients

A

Diabetic Nephropathy

138
Q

Occurs in 60-70% of diabetic patients, causes numbness and tingling in hands and feet or sever infections requiring amputation

A

Diabetic Neuropathy

139
Q

How decrease the chance that people will get diabetes:

A

Weight control, diet, exercise, and either insulin or oral agents

140
Q

Increased hormone production before puberty by gonads, causing precocious puberty(Before 9 in boys, or before 8 in girls)

A

Hypergonadism

141
Q

Growth hormone level decreases with age can lead to:

A

Body fat level increases, decrease in bone density

142
Q

T3:T4 Ratio slightly decreases with age can lead to:

A

Decreases metabolic rate, increases incidence of autoimmune disease of the thyroid in females

143
Q

The water restriction test includes limiting the water intake of the patient, while measuring:

A

Urine output, blood pressure, urine concentration

144
Q

What is given to the patients after several hours into the water restriction test?

A

Vasopressin

145
Q

What symptoms will be experienced after taking vasopressin, if they have DI?

A

Decreased urine output, increases urine concentration

146
Q

For a fasting blood glucose level test, a sample of blood is taken after the person has fasted for how many hours?

147
Q

The glucose tolerance test is performed after __ hours and the patient drinks a what solution?

A

10, Glucose

148
Q

The glucose tolerance test sample are taken and analyzed for how many hours?

149
Q

What should be the glucose levels and formula of the samples for a glucose tolerance test?

A

No glucose should appear in the urine, blood glucose levels should not exceed 170mg/dl of blood if insulin is being produced and fertilized

150
Q

What test is used to monitor long-term control of diabetes

A

Glycosylated Hemoglobin Determination

151
Q

What does the glycosylated hemoglobin determination test determine and what should the normal values be?

A

Average blood glucose level over the past few days, normal should be below 6, for diabetics below 7

152
Q

What disease is a result of anterior pituitary hyposecretion?

153
Q

What diseases are results of anterior pituitary hypersecretion?

A

Gigantism, Acromegaly

154
Q

What disease is a result of posterior pituitary hyposecretion?

A

Diabetes insipidus(DI)

155
Q

What disease is a type of hypoadrenalism?

A

Addison’s Disease

156
Q

What disease are types of hyperadrenalism?

A

Cushing’s and Conn’s Syndrome

My Packs: HOSA (Pathophysiology)(General) (10 decks)

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