Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
Disease characterized by excessive urine production, can reach 20 litres(about 5 gallons) per day, and intense thirst
A
Diabetes Insipidus
2
Q
What key component of the pancreas is used to treat diabetes insipidus?
A
Insulin
3
Q
Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands
A
Hormones
4
Q
Hormones can affect:
A
Growth, development, energy metabolism, muscle and fat distribution, sexual development, fluid and electrolyte balance, inflammation, and immune responses
5
Q
Endocrine Glands include:
A
Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Endocrine Pancreas and Gonads(Ovaries and Testes) Glands
6
Q
Hormones are composed of either _______ or _______
A
Proteins or Amino Acids
7
Q
Most Glandular activity is controlled by the ___________
A
Pituitary Gland(Master Gland)
8
Q
The pituitary gland is controlled by the _________, the homeostatic center of the body and part of the central nervous system
A
Hypothalamus
9
Q
Secreted when blood sugar levels rise
A
Insulin
10
Q
Works antagonistically to insulin and is released when the blood sugar level falls below normal
A
Glucagon
11
Q
When the level of hormone is adequate, its further release is stopped via ________________
A
Negative-Feedback Mechanism
12
Q
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain is also known as the:
A
Hypophysis
13
Q
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
A
Adenohypophysis
14
Q
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
A
Neurohypophysis
15
Q
Stalk connecting the pituitary gland to the floor hypothalamus
A
Infundibulum
16
Q
The six major hormones produced by the anterior pituitary that control the function of other endocrine glands collectively
A
Tropic Hormones
17
Q
The hormones produced in and stored in the posterior pituitary
A
Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH), Oxytocin
18
Q
Also known as somatotrophin, affects all parts of the body by promoting growth of tissues and bones(especially before puberty), produced in anterior pituitary
A
Growth Hormone(GH)
19
Q
Controls hormone secretion of the thyroid gland, without this hormone the thyroid gland stops functioning, produced in anterior pituitary
A
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone(TSH)
20
Q
Inner part of adrenal gland
A
Adrenal Medulla
21
Q
Outer part of adrenal gland
A
Adrenal Cortex
22
Q
Regulates adrenal glands by stimulating the release of adrenal cortex hormones, produced in anterior pituitary
A
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)
23
Q
Stimulates egg and sperm production, produced in anterior pituitary
A
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone(FSH)
24
Q
Stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone and stimulates the testes to produce testosterone, produced in anterior pituitary
A
Luteinizing Hormone(LH)
25
A surge in LH is the signal for
Ovulation
26
Anterior Pituitary regulates sexual development and functions by releasing hormones such as FSH and LH, known as:
Gonadotropins
27
Stimulates breast development and formation of milk during pregnancy and after delivery, produced in anterior pituitary
Prolactin
28
Also known as vasopressin. Stimulates water absorption in the kidneys and therefore has an antidiuretic effect(depressing the formation of urine), produced in posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)
29
Stimulates uterine contractions, triggers release of milk from the breasts, and causes ejection of prostate gland secretions, produced in posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
30
The thyroid cartilage is also known as:
Adam's Apple
31
The connecting strip of the two lobes of the thyroid gland anterior to the trachea is also known as:
Isthmus
32
The two iodine-containing hormones are known as:
Thyroid Hormone(TH)
33
The principle thyroid hormone, T_4 is known as:
Thyroxine
34
The thyroid hormone T_3 is known as:
Triiodothyronine
35
Effect of Thyroid Hormone on basal metabolic rate/temperature regulation
Increases basal metabolic rate and body temperature
36
Effect of Thyroid Hormone on carbohydrate/lipid/protein metabolism
Promotes glucose catabolism; mobilizes fats; essential for protein synthesis; enhances synthesis of cholesterol by the liver
37
Effect of Thyroid Hormone on nervous system
Promotes normal development of the nervous system in fetus and infants; normal nervous system function in adults
38
Effect of Thyroid Hormone on cardiovascular system
Promotes normal functioning of the heart
39
Effect of Thyroid Hormone on muscular system
Promotes normal muscular development and function
40
Effect of Thyroid Hormone on skeletal system
Promotes normal growth and maturation of skeleton
41
Effect of Thyroid Hormone on gastrointestinal system
Promotes normal gastrointestinal motility; increases secretion of digestive juices
42
Effect of Thyroid Hormone on reproductive system
Promotes normal reproductive functions in females
43
Effect of Thyroid Hormone on integumentary system
Promotes normal hydration and secretory activity of skin
44
Endocrine gland located on the neck region
Thyroid Gland
45
Four tiny endocrine glands located posterior to the thyroid gland
Parathyroid Gland
46
Hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland
Parathyroid Hormone(PTH)/Parathormone
47
The parathyroid gland regulates what two minerals in the human body?
Calcium and Phosphate
48
This mineral is essential in blood-clotting and plays a significant role in muscle contractions and heart tone
Calcium
49
PTH prevents calcium from getting diposed in _______ by telling the ______ to reabsorb it
Urine, Kidneys
50
PTH increases the activity of ______, allowing calcium release into the blood stream
Osteoclasts
51
The outer part of the adrenal gland is known as the ___________
Adrenal Cortex
52
The inner part of the adrenal glands is known as the __________
Adrenal Medulla
53
What do the adrenal cortex secrete?
Corticoids(Corticosteroid Hormones)
54
How many different types of Corticoids are there?
3
55
What kind of Corticoid regulates salt balance?
Mineralcorticoids
56
What principle corticosteroid hormone is involved in sodium retention and potassium secretion by the kidneys?
Aldosterone
57
What kind of Corticoid regulates carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism?
Glucocorticoids
58
What is the principle glucocorticoid hormone?
Cortisol(Hydrocortisone)
59
What type of Corticoid has two forms, a male and a female form?
Sex Hormones
60
What are the male sex hormones called?
Androgens
61
What are the female sex hormones called?
Estrogens
62
Secreted by the adrenal medulla, what hormone causes vasodilation and increases heart rate, blood pressure and respiration?
Epinephrine
63
Secreted by the adrenal medulla, what hormone brings about general vasoconstriction?
Norepinephrine
64
What endocrine organ synthesizes, stores and releases insulin, glucagon and somatostatin?
Pancreas
65
What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do when required?
Shunt blood to required organs
66
Where are beta, alpha and delta cells located?
Islet of Langerhans(Pancreatic Islets)
67
What cell secrets insulin?
Beta Cells
68
What cells secrete glucagon?
Alpha Cells
69
What hormone secreted by delta cells inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon?
Somatostatin
70
Insulin _______ blood glucose, Glucagon ________ blood glucose
Insulin Lowers, Glucagon Raises
71
What is normal blood glucose?
80-120mg/dL
72
Insulin moves sugar out of the blood and intro the __________
Tissues
73
Carbohydrates not needed for immediate energy, are mostly stored in the liver as what?
Glycogen
74
Glucagon triggers the _________ to release glycogen
Liver
75
What organ secretes estrogen and progresterone?
Ova
76
What organ secretes testosterone?
Testes
77
Estrogen and progresterone regulates sexual development, secondary sex characteristics and the reproductive cycle in __________
Females
78
Testosterone regulates sexual development and such in _________
Males
79
Which two endocrine glands can be physically examined?
Thyroid and Testes
80
ELISA is known as what?
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
81
RIA is known as what?
Radioimmunoassay
82
ELISA and RIA measure hormone levels in the ________ and ________
Urine and Blood
83
Very high concentrations of hormones in blood/urine results in ________ antigen-antibody complexes
Unlabeled
84
Very low concentrations of hormones in blood/urine results in ________ antigen-antibody complexes
Labeled
85
What tests can be used to locate glandular tumors?
Imaging Tests
86
What is taken to determine if a tumor is malignant or not?
Biopsy
87
What can cause anterior pituitary hyposecretion?
Inherited disorders, malignant tumors, inadequate secretion of hormones, infllammation, vascular changes
88
Inadequate secretion of growth hormone, affecting less than 200,000 people in the US, idiopathic, treated using GH replacement therapy
Pituitary Dwarfism
89
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in children, caused by benign tumor on pituitary gland
Gigantism
90
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults, also caused by benign tumor on pituitary gland
Acromegaly
91
Posterior Pituitary Hyposecretion, results from decreased secretion or action of ADH(vasopressin)
Diabetes Insipidus(DI)
92
Abnormally large amounts of urine is known as:
Polyuria
93
Extreme thirst and increase in fluid intake is known as:
Polydipsia
94
DI caused by damage to the pituitary gland from surgery, tumor, and illness
Central DI
95
DI caused by defect in kidney tubules or use of certain drugs(lithium, democlocycline etc.)
Nephrogenic DI
96
Signs and symptoms of pituitary dwarfism
Growth before age of five years, absent or delayed sexual development, short stature and height for age
97
Below normal production of T(4), occurs in 1%-2% of the population, risk factors include radiation to neck and head, being a women, and autoimmune diseases(E.x. Hashimoto's)
Hypothyroidism
98
Congenital hypothyroidism, treated by thyroid hormone supplementation
Cretinism
99
Underdevelopment is known as:
Hypoplasia
100
Absence of development
Aplasia
101
The most common form of hyperthyroidism, more common in women than men
Grave's Disease
102
About half of the people with Grave's Disease have bulging eyes, known as:
Grave's Ophthalmopathy
103
Sudden increase in severity of signs and symptoms of Grave's Disease may indicate:
Thyrotoxicosis(Thyroid Storm)
104
Enlargement of thyroid gland, risks include being female, over the age of 40 and family history
Simple Goiter
105
Lump in neck, voice hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, pain in neck and throat, swollen lymph nodes in neck. Risks: being female, low iodine diet, radiation
Thyroid Cancer
106
Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone by parathyroid glands, caused by benign tumors
Hyperparathyroidism
107
Calcium levels above normal
Hypercalcemia
108
Decrease in parathyroid hormones by parathyroid glands, characterized by tetany(muscle contractions), treated with calcium and Vitamin D
Hypoparathyroidism
109
The result of undersecretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex
Hypoadrenalism
110
Hypoadrenalism is also known as:
Primary adrenal insufficiency or Addison's Disease
111
What is the medical term for fainting?
Syncope
112
Addison's Disease can cause the life-threatening condition known as:
Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
113
The overproduction of cortisol or overproduction of aldosterone
Hyperadrenalism
114
The overproduction of cortisol is known as, caused by pituitary tumors and adrenal tumors:
Cushing's Syndrome
115
A classic sign of Cushing's Disease is fat accumulating behind the shoulders, known as:
Buffalo Hump
116
The overproduction of aldosterone, caused by benign tumor of adrenal cortex, with the only sign being hypertension and sometimes hypokalemia
Conn's Syndrome
117
A low potassium level is known as:
Hypokalemia
118
Endocrine disease of impaired glucose regulation and hyperglycemia caused by complex interactions of genetics, environmental reactions and lifestyle choices
Diabetes Mellitus(DM)(Hyperglycemia)
119
Charcterized by little or no insulin production, formerly known as "juvenile onset diabetes"
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus(T1DM)
120
T1DM occurs when an autoimmune process develops , where the immune system attacks and destroys _______ cell
Beta
121
Diagnosis tests for T1DM
Fasting blood glucose level test, glucose tolerance test, glycosylated hemoglobin determination
122
How long does a person fast before taking a fasting blood glucose level test?
8 hours
123
A patient drinks a _________ solution _____ hours after a fast for the glucose tolerance test
Standard glucose, 10
124
Accounts for 90-95% of diabetes cases, where the effects of insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin to maintain blood glucose levels
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(T2DM)
125
Diabetes that develops during pregnancy, resistance to the effect of insulin due to metabolic changes of pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes
126
A complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by fruity breath in individuals
Ketoacidosis
127
Acidic waste by-products produced when cells use protein and fat as their energy source
Ketones
128
Ketones in blood, breath and urine is known as
Ketosis
129
Ketone produce _______ in tissues
Acidosis
130
Insufficient insulin administration or consuming too many carbohydrates
Diabetic Coma
131
Administering too much insulin, not eating enough food, exercising too much
Insulin Shock
132
Present with hyperglycemia, can lose up to 10L of fluids in a short period of time
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State
133
Hyperglycemia damages ________ lining of blood vessels
Endothelial
134
Microvascular diseases occur in:
Eyes, Kidneys and Nerves
135
Macrovascular disease of diabetes include:
Retinopathy, Nephropathy and Neuropathy
136
The leading cause of blindness in adults from ages 20-70
Diabetic Retinopathy
137
Causes end stage kidney failure in diabetes patients, occurs in 20-30% of diabetes patients
Diabetic Nephropathy
138
Occurs in 60-70% of diabetic patients, causes numbness and tingling in hands and feet or sever infections requiring amputation
Diabetic Neuropathy
139
How decrease the chance that people will get diabetes:
Weight control, diet, exercise, and either insulin or oral agents
140
Increased hormone production before puberty by gonads, causing precocious puberty(Before 9 in boys, or before 8 in girls)
Hypergonadism
141
Growth hormone level decreases with age can lead to:
Body fat level increases, decrease in bone density
142
T3:T4 Ratio slightly decreases with age can lead to:
Decreases metabolic rate, increases incidence of autoimmune disease of the thyroid in females
143
The water restriction test includes limiting the water intake of the patient, while measuring:
Urine output, blood pressure, urine concentration
144
What is given to the patients after several hours into the water restriction test?
Vasopressin
145
What symptoms will be experienced after taking vasopressin, if they have DI?
Decreased urine output, increases urine concentration
146
For a fasting blood glucose level test, a sample of blood is taken after the person has fasted for how many hours?
8 hours
147
The glucose tolerance test is performed after __ hours and the patient drinks a what solution?
10, Glucose
148
The glucose tolerance test sample are taken and analyzed for how many hours?
3
149
What should be the glucose levels and formula of the samples for a glucose tolerance test?
No glucose should appear in the urine, blood glucose levels should not exceed 170mg/dl of blood if insulin is being produced and fertilized
150
What test is used to monitor long-term control of diabetes
Glycosylated Hemoglobin Determination
151
What does the glycosylated hemoglobin determination test determine and what should the normal values be?
Average blood glucose level over the past few days, normal should be below 6, for diabetics below 7
152
What disease is a result of anterior pituitary hyposecretion?
Dwarfism
153
What diseases are results of anterior pituitary hypersecretion?
Gigantism, Acromegaly
154
What disease is a result of posterior pituitary hyposecretion?
Diabetes insipidus(DI)
155
What disease is a type of hypoadrenalism?
Addison's Disease
156
What disease are types of hyperadrenalism?
Cushing's and Conn's Syndrome
