Cardiovascular Flashcards
Starts asymptomatic; then progresses to pain of angina pectoris; goes to burning, crushing, squeezing, radiating to arm/neck/jaw pain; nausea, vomiting and weakness(Involves arteries supplying myocardium)
Coronary Artery Disease(CAD)
Sudden onset of left side chest pain; may radiate to left arm/back; dyspnea, hypertension and arrythmias(Reduced oxygen supply to myocardium)
Angina Pectoris
Death of myocardial tissue caused by development of ischemia
Myocardial Infarction(MI)
Sudden, unexpected cessation of cardiac activity
Cardiac Arrest
Abnormally high blood pressure
Essential\Primary Hypertension
Life threatening, severe form of hypertension
Malignant Hypertension
Acute or chronic inability of heart to pump enough blood
Congestive Heart Failure(CHF)
Right sided heart disease
Cor Pulmonale
Fluid shift into extravascular spaces of lungs
Pulmonary Edema
Noninflammatory disease of cardiac muscle resulting in enlargement of myocardium and ventricular dysfunction
Cardiomyopathy
Acute or chronic inflammation of pericardium(the sac enclosing/protecting the heart)
Pericarditis
Inflammation of muscular walls of heart
Myocarditis
Inflammation of lining and valves of heart
Endocarditis
Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disease involving joints and cardiac tissue
Rheumatic Fever
Cardiac manifestations that follow rheumatic fever
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Hardening of cusps of mitral valve that prevent complete and normal opening for passage of blood from left atrium to the left ventricle
Mitral Stenosis
Mitral valve fails to close completely and allows blood from left ventricle to flow back into left atrium
Mitral Insufficiency
One or more cusps of Mitral valve protrude back into left atrium during ventricular contraction
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Any deviation from normal heartbeat, normal sinus rhythm
Arrythmias(Irregular Heartbeats)
Collapse of cardiovascular system
Shock
Inadequate output of blood by heart
Cardiogenic Shock
Compression of heart muscle and restriction of heart movement caused by blood or fluid trapped in pericardial sac
Cardiac Tamponade(Cardiac Compression)
Rate of 60-100 bpm, regular, P wave uniform
Normal sinus rhythm
Rate of >100 bpm, regular, P wave uniform
Sinus Tachycardia
Rate of <60 bpm, regular, P wave uniform
Sinus Bradycardia
Rate depends on underlying rhythm, usually normal P wave, different morphology from other P waves
Premature Atrial Contraction
Rate of 150-250 bpm, rhythm normal, sudden onset
Atrial Tachycardia
Atrial rate >350 bpm, ventricular rate <100 bpm(controlled) or >100 bpm(rapid ventricular response)
Atrial Fibrillation
Rate depends on rate of underlying rhythm, P-R interval >0.20 second
First Degree Heart Block
Intermittent block with progressively longer delay in conduction until one beat is blocked, atrial rate normal, ventricular rate slower than normal, rhythm irregular
Second Degree Heart Block/Wenckebach Heart Block
Ventricular rate slow(1/2, 1/3 or 1/4 of atrial rate), rhythm regular, P waves normal, QRS complex dropped every second, third or fourth beat
Classic Second Degree Heart Block
Atrial rate normal, ventricular rate 20-40 or 40-60 bpm, no relationship between P wave and QRS complex
Third Degree Heart Block
Single ectopic beat, arising from ventricle, followed by compensatory pause
Premature Ventricular Contraction(Single Focus)
Rate dependant on underlying rhythm, rhythm regular or irregular, P wave absent before ectopic beat
Multifocal Arrythmia(Coupling: Two in a row; Bigeminy: Every other beat; Trigeminy: Every third beat; Quadrigeminy: Every fourth beat)
Rate of 150-250 bpm, rhythm usually regular, focus of pacemaker normally single, patient experiences palpitations, dyspnea and anxiety followed by chest pain
Ventricular Tachycardia
Patient loses consciousness immediately after onset, no peripheral pulses palpable, no heart sounds, no blood pressure
Ventricular Fibrillation(a lethal arrythmia)
Acquired or congenital disorder involving any of the four valves of the heart
Valvular Heart Diseases
Result of chronically elevated pressure throughout vascular system
Hypertensive Heart Diseases
Encloses the heart in a double layer
Pericardium
Cardiac muscle tissue
Myocardium
Smooth serous lining inside the cavities of the heart
Endocardium
Allows blood to hold water and maintain pressure inside blood vessels
Albumin
Red blood cells are also known as
Erythrocytes
White blood cells are also known as
Leukocytes
Abnormally low number of red blood cells
Anemia
Bleeding disorders are also known as
Disorders of Hemostasis
Cause factors of blood disorders
Abnormal platelet function/number, Vitamin K deficiencies or clotting factor deficiencies
Inflammation of blood vessels
Purpura
What are the three types of cardiomyopathies?
Dilated, Hypertrophic, Restrictive
What type of cardiomyopathy results in diffuse degeneration of myocardial fibers?
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
What type of cardiomyopathy results in an elongated left ventricle and possible obstruction of aortic valve?
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
What type of cardiomyopathy results in fibrosis and thickening of myocardium?
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
What type of pericarditis is caused by adhesions between the pericardium and heart?
Acute Pericarditis
What type of pericarditis is caused by fibrous calcification of visceral membrane?
Chronic Pericarditis
