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Biology 30 > Reproduction Vocab > Flashcards

Reproduction Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

A form of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the parents.

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2
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The diploid product of the union of the haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg.

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3
Q

What is an egg?

A

The female gamete.

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4
Q

What is sperm?

A

The male gamete.

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5
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes.

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6
Q

What is fission?

A

The separation of an organism into two or more individuals of approximately equal size.

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7
Q

What is budding?

A

Asexual reproduction in which outgrowths from the parent form and pinch off to live independently or else remain attached to eventually form extensive colonies.

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8
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.

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9
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The release of an egg from an ovary. In humans, an ovarian follicle releases an egg during each uterine cycle.

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10
Q

What is hermaphroditism?

A

A condition in which an individual has both female and male gonads and functions as both the male and female in sexual reproduction.

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11
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.

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12
Q

What is external fertilization?

A

The fusion of gametes that parents have discharged into the environment.

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13
Q

What is internal fertilization?

A

The fusion of gametes inside the body of one parent.

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14
Q

What are gonads?

A

The male or female sex organs.

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15
Q

What are follicles?

A

A microscopic structure in the ovary that contains the developing oocyte and secretes estrogen.

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16
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

A cell in the female reproductive system that differentiates to form an egg.

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17
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The process in the ovary that results in the production of female gametes.

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18
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

A secreting tissue in the ovary that forms from the collapsed follicle after ovulation and produces progesterone.

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19
Q

What is the oviduct?

A

A tube passing from the ovary to the uterus. Also known as the fallopian tube.

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20
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

The inner lining of the uterus which is richly supplied with blood vessels.

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21
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The neck of the uterus which opens into the vagina.

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22
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Part of the female reproductive system between the uterus and the outside opening; the birth canal in mammals.

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23
Q

What is the vulva?

A

Collective term for the female external genitalia

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24
Q

What is the labia majora?

A

A pair of thick fatty ridges that encloses and protects the rest of the vulva.

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25
Q

What is the labia minora?

A

A pair of slender skin folds that surrounds the openings of the vagina and urethra.

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26
Q

What is the hymen?

A

A thin membrane that partly covers the vaginal opening in the human female.

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27
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

An organ at the upper intersection of the labia minora that engorges with blood and becomes erect during sexual arousal.

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28
Q

What is the glans?

A

The rounded structure at the tip of the clitoris or penis that is involved in sexual arousal.

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29
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

A fold of skin covering the head of the clitoris or penis.

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30
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

Exocrine glands that secrete milk to nourish the young.

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31
Q

What are the testes?

A

The male gonad in which sperm and reproductive hormone are produced.

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32
Q

What are seminiferous tubules?

A

A highly coiled tube in the testes in which sperm are produced.

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33
Q

What are the interstitial cells of Leydig?

A

A cell that produces testosterone and other androgens and is located between the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

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34
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

A pouch of skin outside the abdomen that houses the testes.

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35
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

A coiled tubule located adjacent to the mammalian testis where sperm are stored.

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36
Q

What is an ejaculation?

A

The propulsion of sperm from the epididymis through the muscular vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.

37
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

In mammals the tube in the male reproductive system in which sperm travel from the epididymis to the urethra.

38
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

Duct which transports sperm from vas deferens to the urethra.

39
Q

What is the urethra?

A

A tube that releases urine from the mammalian body as well as semen in males.

40
Q

What is semen?

A

The fluid that is ejaculated by the male during orgasm; contains sperm and secretions from several glands of the male reproductive tract.

41
Q

What are seminal vesicles?

A

A gland in males that secretes a fluid component of semen that lubricates and nourishes sperm.

42
Q

What is the prostate glands?

A

A gland in human males that secretes an acid-neutralizing component of semen.

43
Q

What is the penis?

A

The copulatory structure of male mammals.

44
Q

What is vasocongestion?

A

The filing of a tissue with blood caused by increased blood flow through the arteries of that tissue.

45
Q

What is myotonia?

A

Increased muscle tension.

46
Q

What is coitus?

A

The insertion of a penis into a vagina.

47
Q

What is an orgasm?

A

Rhythmic, involuntary contractions of certain reproductive structures in both sexes.

48
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

The process by which gametes are produced.

49
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The continuous and prolific production of mature sperm cells in the testes.

50
Q

What are spermatogonia?

A

A cell that divides mitotically to form spermatocytes.

51
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

A vesicle in the tip of a sperm containing hydrolytic enzymes and other proteins.

52
Q

What are oogonia?

A

Cells that divide mitotically to form oocytes.

53
Q

What is a primary oocyte?

A

An oocyte prior to completion of meiosis 1.

54
Q

What is a secondary oocyte?

A

An oocyte that has completed first of the two meiotic divisions.

55
Q

What is inhibin?

A

A hormone produced in the male and female gonads that functions in part by regulating the function of the anterior pituitary.

56
Q

What is menstruation?

A

The shedding of portions of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle.

57
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

A reproductive cycle in which the endometrium is shed through the cervix and into the vagina.

58
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

The cyclic recurrence of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase in the mammalian ovary, regulated by hormones.

59
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

The part of the ovarian cycle during which follicles are growing and oocytes are maturing.

60
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

The portion of the ovarian cycle during which endocrine cells of the corpus luteum secrete female hormones.

61
Q

What is the proliferative phase?

A

The portion of the menstrual cycle when the endometrium regenerates and thickens.

62
Q

What is the secretory phase?

A

The portion of the menstrual cycle when the endometrium continues to thicken becomes more vascularized and develops glands that secrete a fluid rich in glycogen.

63
Q

What is the menstrual flow phase?

A

The portion of the menstrual cycle in which menstrual bleeding occurs.

64
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

The condition resulting from the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.

65
Q

What is ectopic?

A

Occurring in an abnormal location.

66
Q

What is menopause?

A

The cessation of ovulation and menstruation marking the end of a human female’s reproductive years.

67
Q

What is conception?

A

The fertilization of an egg by sperm.

68
Q

What is cleavage?

A

The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.

69
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

The bastula stage of mammalian embryonic development.

70
Q

What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

A

A hormone secreted by the chorion that maintains the corpus luteum of the ovary during the first three months of pregnancy.

71
Q

What is gestation?

A

Pregnancy; the state of carrying developing young within the female reproductive tract.

72
Q

What is a trimester

A

In human development, one of three 3-month long periods of pregnancy.

73
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

The outer epithelium of a mammalian blastocyst. It forms the fetal part of the placenta, supporting embryonic development but not forming part of the embryo proper.

74
Q

What is the placenta?

A

A structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother’s blood supply.

75
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

The process in which organ rudiments develop from the three germ layers after gastrulation.

76
Q

What is labor?

A

A series of strong, rhythmic contractions of the uterus that expel a baby out of the uterus and vagina during childbirth.

77
Q

What is lactation?

A

The continues production of milk from the mammary glands.

78
Q

What is contraception?

A

The deliberate prevention of pregnancy.

79
Q

What is the rhythm method?

A

A form of contraception that relies upon refraining from sexual intercourse when conception is most likely to occur. Also known as natural family planning.

80
Q

What are barrier methods?

A

Contraception that relies on the physical blockage of sperm

81
Q

What is a condom?

A

A thin latex rubber or natural membrane sheath that fits over the penis to collect semen.

82
Q

What is a diaphragm?

A

A dome-shaped rubber cup fitted into the upper portion of the vagina before sexual intercourse.

83
Q

What are birth control pills?

A

A chemical contraceptive that inhibits ovulation, retards follicular development, or alters a woman’s cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.

84
Q

What is tubal ligation?

A

A means of sterilization in which a woman;s two oviducts are tied close to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus. A segment of each oviduct is removed.

85
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

The cutting and sealing of each vas deferens to prevent sperm from entering the urethra.

86
Q

What is an abortion?

A

The termination of a pregnancy in progress.

87
Q

What are assisted reproductive technologies?

A

An artificial fertilization process.

88
Q

What is an intracytoplasmic sperm injection?

A

The fertilization of an egg in the laboratory by the direct injection of a single sperm.

Biology 30 (10 decks)

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