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Biology 30 > Reproduction Vocab > Flashcards

Reproduction Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

A form of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the parents.

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2
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The diploid product of the union of the haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg.

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3
Q

What is an egg?

A

The female gamete.

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4
Q

What is sperm?

A

The male gamete.

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5
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes.

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6
Q

What is fission?

A

The separation of an organism into two or more individuals of approximately equal size.

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7
Q

What is budding?

A

Asexual reproduction in which outgrowths from the parent form and pinch off to live independently or else remain attached to eventually form extensive colonies.

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8
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.

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9
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The release of an egg from an ovary. In humans, an ovarian follicle releases an egg during each uterine cycle.

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10
Q

What is hermaphroditism?

A

A condition in which an individual has both female and male gonads and functions as both the male and female in sexual reproduction.

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11
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.

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12
Q

What is external fertilization?

A

The fusion of gametes that parents have discharged into the environment.

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13
Q

What is internal fertilization?

A

The fusion of gametes inside the body of one parent.

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14
Q

What are gonads?

A

The male or female sex organs.

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15
Q

What are follicles?

A

A microscopic structure in the ovary that contains the developing oocyte and secretes estrogen.

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16
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

A cell in the female reproductive system that differentiates to form an egg.

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17
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The process in the ovary that results in the production of female gametes.

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18
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

A secreting tissue in the ovary that forms from the collapsed follicle after ovulation and produces progesterone.

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19
Q

What is the oviduct?

A

A tube passing from the ovary to the uterus. Also known as the fallopian tube.

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20
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

The inner lining of the uterus which is richly supplied with blood vessels.

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21
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The neck of the uterus which opens into the vagina.

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22
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Part of the female reproductive system between the uterus and the outside opening; the birth canal in mammals.

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23
Q

What is the vulva?

A

Collective term for the female external genitalia

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24
Q

What is the labia majora?

A

A pair of thick fatty ridges that encloses and protects the rest of the vulva.

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25
What is the labia minora?
A pair of slender skin folds that surrounds the openings of the vagina and urethra.
26
What is the hymen?
A thin membrane that partly covers the vaginal opening in the human female.
27
What is the clitoris?
An organ at the upper intersection of the labia minora that engorges with blood and becomes erect during sexual arousal.
28
What is the glans?
The rounded structure at the tip of the clitoris or penis that is involved in sexual arousal.
29
What is the prepuce?
A fold of skin covering the head of the clitoris or penis.
30
What are mammary glands?
Exocrine glands that secrete milk to nourish the young.
31
What are the testes?
The male gonad in which sperm and reproductive hormone are produced.
32
What are seminiferous tubules?
A highly coiled tube in the testes in which sperm are produced.
33
What are the interstitial cells of Leydig?
A cell that produces testosterone and other androgens and is located between the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
34
What is the scrotum?
A pouch of skin outside the abdomen that houses the testes.
35
What is the epididymis?
A coiled tubule located adjacent to the mammalian testis where sperm are stored.
36
What is an ejaculation?
The propulsion of sperm from the epididymis through the muscular vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.
37
What is the vas deferens?
In mammals the tube in the male reproductive system in which sperm travel from the epididymis to the urethra.
38
What is the ejaculatory duct?
Duct which transports sperm from vas deferens to the urethra.
39
What is the urethra?
A tube that releases urine from the mammalian body as well as semen in males.
40
What is semen?
The fluid that is ejaculated by the male during orgasm; contains sperm and secretions from several glands of the male reproductive tract.
41
What are seminal vesicles?
A gland in males that secretes a fluid component of semen that lubricates and nourishes sperm.
42
What is the prostate glands?
A gland in human males that secretes an acid-neutralizing component of semen.
43
What is the penis?
The copulatory structure of male mammals.
44
What is vasocongestion?
The filing of a tissue with blood caused by increased blood flow through the arteries of that tissue.
45
What is myotonia?
Increased muscle tension.
46
What is coitus?
The insertion of a penis into a vagina.
47
What is an orgasm?
Rhythmic, involuntary contractions of certain reproductive structures in both sexes.
48
What is gametogenesis?
The process by which gametes are produced.
49
What is spermatogenesis?
The continuous and prolific production of mature sperm cells in the testes.
50
What are spermatogonia?
A cell that divides mitotically to form spermatocytes.
51
What is an acrosome?
A vesicle in the tip of a sperm containing hydrolytic enzymes and other proteins.
52
What are oogonia?
Cells that divide mitotically to form oocytes.
53
What is a primary oocyte?
An oocyte prior to completion of meiosis 1.
54
What is a secondary oocyte?
An oocyte that has completed first of the two meiotic divisions.
55
What is inhibin?
A hormone produced in the male and female gonads that functions in part by regulating the function of the anterior pituitary.
56
What is menstruation?
The shedding of portions of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle.
57
What is the menstrual cycle?
A reproductive cycle in which the endometrium is shed through the cervix and into the vagina.
58
What is the ovarian cycle?
The cyclic recurrence of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase in the mammalian ovary, regulated by hormones.
59
What is the follicular phase?
The part of the ovarian cycle during which follicles are growing and oocytes are maturing.
60
What is the luteal phase?
The portion of the ovarian cycle during which endocrine cells of the corpus luteum secrete female hormones.
61
What is the proliferative phase?
The portion of the menstrual cycle when the endometrium regenerates and thickens.
62
What is the secretory phase?
The portion of the menstrual cycle when the endometrium continues to thicken becomes more vascularized and develops glands that secrete a fluid rich in glycogen.
63
What is the menstrual flow phase?
The portion of the menstrual cycle in which menstrual bleeding occurs.
64
What is endometriosis?
The condition resulting from the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
65
What is ectopic?
Occurring in an abnormal location.
66
What is menopause?
The cessation of ovulation and menstruation marking the end of a human female's reproductive years.
67
What is conception?
The fertilization of an egg by sperm.
68
What is cleavage?
The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.
69
What is a blastocyst?
The bastula stage of mammalian embryonic development.
70
What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?
A hormone secreted by the chorion that maintains the corpus luteum of the ovary during the first three months of pregnancy.
71
What is gestation?
Pregnancy; the state of carrying developing young within the female reproductive tract.
72
What is a trimester
In human development, one of three 3-month long periods of pregnancy.
73
What is a trophoblast?
The outer epithelium of a mammalian blastocyst. It forms the fetal part of the placenta, supporting embryonic development but not forming part of the embryo proper.
74
What is the placenta?
A structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother's blood supply.
75
What is organogenesis?
The process in which organ rudiments develop from the three germ layers after gastrulation.
76
What is labor?
A series of strong, rhythmic contractions of the uterus that expel a baby out of the uterus and vagina during childbirth.
77
What is lactation?
The continues production of milk from the mammary glands.
78
What is contraception?
The deliberate prevention of pregnancy.
79
What is the rhythm method?
A form of contraception that relies upon refraining from sexual intercourse when conception is most likely to occur. Also known as natural family planning.
80
What are barrier methods?
Contraception that relies on the physical blockage of sperm
81
What is a condom?
A thin latex rubber or natural membrane sheath that fits over the penis to collect semen.
82
What is a diaphragm?
A dome-shaped rubber cup fitted into the upper portion of the vagina before sexual intercourse.
83
What are birth control pills?
A chemical contraceptive that inhibits ovulation, retards follicular development, or alters a woman's cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
84
What is tubal ligation?
A means of sterilization in which a woman;s two oviducts are tied close to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus. A segment of each oviduct is removed.
85
What is a vasectomy?
The cutting and sealing of each vas deferens to prevent sperm from entering the urethra.
86
What is an abortion?
The termination of a pregnancy in progress.
87
What are assisted reproductive technologies?
An artificial fertilization process.
88
What is an intracytoplasmic sperm injection?
The fertilization of an egg in the laboratory by the direct injection of a single sperm.

Biology 30 (10 decks)

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