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Biology 30 > Makin' Babies > Flashcards

Makin' Babies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A

Asexual and Sexual

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2
Q

What are 4 types of asexual reproduction?

A

Binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogensis.

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3
Q

Describe binary fission.

A

AKA Mitosis, during binary fission, DNA doubles and then the cell splits. This type of reproduction is generally done by those in the kingdom Monera and Protoctista.

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4
Q

Describe budding.

A

Much like binary fission, but with an unequal distribution of cytoplasm.

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5
Q

Describe Fragmentation.

A

The ability to grow back body parts that are removed. Not a primary form of reproduction.

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6
Q

Describe parthenogenesis.

A

Female lays an egg that does not require fertilization. This results in clones.

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7
Q

What are some benefits of asexual reproduction?

A

It takes less energy than sexual reproduction, and it is relatively faster.

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8
Q

What are some cons of asexual reproduction?

A

Genetic diversity is low, and mutations must, therefore, be relied upon in the event of an environmental change.

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9
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

A characteristic of sexual reproduction. It describes the need for there to be different gonads between the parties partaking in sexual reproduction.

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10
Q

What is external fertilization?

A

Fertilization that occurs outside of the body.

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11
Q

What is internal fertilization?

A

Fertilization that occurs inside the body. This requires reproductive structures.

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12
Q

What is a benefit of sexual reproduction?

A

Instant variation.

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13
Q

What is a con of sexual reproduction?

A

Both time and energy are required.

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14
Q

What functions of the penis?

A
  • It acts as the male reproductive structure
  • It acts as the sperm delivery structure
  • It is used for both reproduction and excretion
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15
Q

How long is the average male urethra?

A

20 cm

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16
Q

What surrounds the urethra in the penis?

A

The corpus spongiosum.

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17
Q

What is the function of the corpus spongiosum?

A

It keeps the urethra open during an erection.

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18
Q

What surrounds the corpus spongiosum?

A

The corpus cavernosum.

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19
Q

What is the function of the corpus cavernosum?

A

It fills with blood and creates the errection.

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20
Q

What is done by the nervous system to create an erection?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system relaxes all of the sphincters in the capillary beds that reside in the erectile tissue.

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21
Q

What is the proper term for foreskin?

A

Prepuce

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22
Q

What are the male gonads?

A

The testicles or testes.

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23
Q

What temperature is optimal for the production of sperm?

A

2 degrees celsius below body temperature (around 35 degrees celsius).

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24
Q

What is the function of the ligaments on the inner wall of the scrotum?

A

This allows the testes to be contracted closer to the body, a function to keep them warm in the cold.

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25
What length of seminiferous tubules can be found in human testicles?
250 metres
26
What type of cell is found in the outermost layer of the seminiferous tubules?
Spermatogonia or first degree spermatocytes.
27
In the seminiferous tubules, _____ undergoes meiosis to become ____, which becomes _____, which finally becomes ______.
Spermatogonia, second degree spermatocytes, spermatids, sperm.
28
Why do spermatogonia sometimes undergo meiosis, and sometimes undergo mitosis?
Meiosis to produce sperm, mitosis to produce other spermatogonia.
29
What support cell is found in the outer layer of the seminiferous tubules?
Sertoli cells.
30
What is the function of Sertoli cells?
- Provide nutrients - Remove waste - Protect sperm from immune system
31
How long does sperm stay in the seminiferous tubules?
About 2 weeks.
32
Where is the nucleus found in the sperm?
In the head, aka the main body or soma.
33
What enzyme is found on the head of the sperm, and what is its function.
Acrosome. | It is used by the sperm to get through the wall of the ova.
34
What is found in the midpiece of the sperm?
Mitochondria.
35
What is the function of the binding sites on the head of the sperm?
ASK MATICHUK
36
On average, how many sperm can a man produce in a day?
300 MILLION
37
What is the function of the epididymis?
- Where sperm is stored - Sperm is stored here for 7 weeks - Maturation of sperm occurs here - Immune system clears out a lot of the malformed sperm here
38
What is the function of the vas deferens?
Very slender tube (width of human hair) which transports sperm from epididymis to the urethra.
39
What is the point of intersection between the vas deferens and the urethra called?
The ejaculatory duct.
40
What are the three male reproductive glands?
The Cowper's gland, the seminal vesicles, and the prostate gland.
41
What is the function of the Cowper's gland?
It produces a few drops of fluid when sexual arousal occurs. This is used to lubricate and clear out the urethra. This fluid is basic and neutralizes any acid found.
42
What is the function of the seminal vesicles?
Squirts a small amount of fluid into ejaculatory duct. This fluid contains sugars that provide energy for the sperm. The fluid is also basic.
43
What is the function of the prostate gland?
The prostate gland produces the majority of semen. It has a muscular outer wall and a spongy interior. These cells inside produce the fluid that makes up semen.
44
Briefly, describe the process of ejaculation.
Seminal vesicles release fluid into the ejaculatory duct. This picks up sperm and moves it into the urethra. The prostate gland then contracts using its muscular exterior and forces the sperm through the urethra along with the semen and fluid.
45
Why is the prostate gland susceptible to cancer?
It is filled with fluid.
46
What is the function of estrogen in females?
Leads to secondary sexual characteristics, as well as the thickening and vascularization of the endometrium.
47
What is the function of progesterone in females?
It quiets smooth muscle contractions of the uterus, maintaining the endometrium.
48
What is the function of testosterone in males?
Stimulates primary and secondary sexual characteristics as well as indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis.
49
What is the function of FSH in males?
Acts on Seritoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules.
50
What is the function of FSH in females?
It stimulates follicles in the ovaries to develop ova.
51
What is the function of LH in females?
Triggers ovulation and stimulates estrogen and progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum.
52
What is the function of LH in males?
Stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone.
53
What is the function of GnRH in both male and females?
Monitors the reproductive endocrine system. Stimulates synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH.
54
What are the three layers of the vagina?
The mucus membrane layer, the layer of erectile tissue, and the muscular layer
55
What is the pH of the mucus membrane layer?
1.5 - 2.0
56
What are the three layers of the uterus?
The endometrium, the myometrium, and the perimetrium.
57
Describe the perimetrium.
- Tough and rubbery outer layer - Supports inner tissues - Provides attachment point for ligaments
58
What is found at the bottom of the cervix?
The cervical plug?
59
What is the function of the cervical plug?
It stops bacteria.
60
How long are the oviducts?
About 5 cm.
61
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
An unusual pregnancy. Occurs when an egg implants where it is not supposed to.
62
Where in the oviduct should fertilization occur?
In the top third.
63
During oogenesis, a _____ undergoes meiosis, which results in a ______, followed by a _____, and then a ______. This process produces one _____ and three _____.
Primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ootid, ovum, ovum, polar bodies
64
What are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle?
Flow phase, follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase
65
Describe the Flow Phase of the menstrual cycle.
- Begins on day 1 - 4 - Only overt sign of menstrual cycle - Shedding portion of endometrium - Blood/tissue comes out of vagina
66
Describe the Follicular Phase of the menstrual cycle.
- Lasts about 10 days - Follicles are developing - Granulosa cells are developing and getting bigger - Oogonium is going through the first division of meiosis
67
Describe Ovulation.
- Happens around day 14 - 15 - Secondary oocyte bursts out of ovary - The corpus luteum forms
68
Describe the Luteal Phase in the menstrual cycle.
- Lasts about 14 days - The corpus luteum dies around day 24 - 25. This is when levels of progesterone crash - The Corpus Albicans refers to white scars left on the ovary after the death of the corpus luteum.
69
What are the four main mechanisms of Morphogenesis?
Cell differentiation, cellular adhesion, differential growth, and cell death.
70
During development, what does the zygote become after 1 - 2 days?
A morula.
71
What does the ectoderm differentiate into?
- Skin - Melanocytes - The Spinal Chord - The Brain - Sweat Glands
72
What does the mesoderm differentiate into?
- Muscles - Skeleton - Reproductive system - Blood Vessels/Blood - Some internal organs (such as the kidneys)
73
What does the endoderm differentiate into?
The majority of your internal organs.
74
Where does the allantois grow out of and what does it become?
The allantois grows out of the endoderm and becomes the umbilical chord.
75
What are the three stages of Labour?
- Dilation of the cervix - Regular contractions - Afterbirth
76
Describe the dilation of the cervix.
- Can be fast or slow - Relaxin (a hormone) is released by the corpus luteum - This causes the cervix to dilate about 10 cm
77
Describe regular contractions.
- Contractions one after another | - When the baby's head is at the opening of the vagina, it is called crowning.
78
What's an epidural?
An injection in the spine to numb the pain of birth.
79
What's an episiotomy?
A cut under the vagina so nothing tears.
80
What happens if the baby does not turn before contraction?
A breach birth occurs.
81
Describe afterbirth?
About 10 - 15 minutes after birth, the uterus expels the remains.
82
Describe a tubal ligation.
The fallopian tubes are cut and tied.
83
Describe a vasectomy.
The vasa deferentia are cut and tied.
84
What is artificial insemination?
The injection of semen into the cervical opening or the uterus.
85
What is In Vitro Fertilization?
The procedure of egg recovery, egg fertilization & embryo development in a glass container. The embryo is then transferred into the uterus.
86
What is an amniocentesis? (IMPORTANT)
The procedure of collecting a sample of fluid and fetal cells from the amniotic sac for the purpose of identifying potential health problems.
87
What's a congenital malformation?
Gross structural defects present at birth.
88
What are some causes of congenital malformation?
Typically the cause of viral or bacterial infection. Could also be due to radiation, drugs, or chemicals.

Biology 30 (10 decks)

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