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Biology 30 > Endocrine Vocab > Flashcards

Endocrine Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

One of the many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific targets cells to change their functioning.

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2
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

The system that regulates hormones in a multicellular organism.

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3
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

A ductless plan that secretes hormones directly into the the interstitial fluid, form which they diffuse into the blood stream.

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4
Q

What are local regulators?

A

A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted.

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5
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

A molecule that is released from the synaptic terminal of a neon at a chemical synapse.

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6
Q

What are neurohormones?

A

A molecule that is secreted by a neuron, travels in body fluids, and acts on specific target cells to change their functioning.

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7
Q

What are pheromones?

A

In animals and fungi, a small molecule released into the environment that functions in communication between members of the same species. In animals, it acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behaviour.

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8
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

The linkage f a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response.

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9
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

A catecholamine that, when secreted by a hormone by the adrenal medulla, mediates “fight or flight” responses to short-term stresses. Also known as adrenaline.

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10
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Any group of proteins secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells, that regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system.

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11
Q

What are growth factors?

A

A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.

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12
Q

What is the function of nitric oxide in cells?

A

It is a gas that is produced my many types of cells. It functions as a local regulator and as a neurotransmitter.

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13
Q

What is a catecholamine?

A

Any of a class of euro transmitters and hormones including the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, that are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.

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14
Q

What is prostaglandin?

A

One of the modified fatty acids secreted by virtually all tissues and preforming a wide variety of functions as local regulators.

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15
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in the endocrine system?

A

It has a ductless endocrine portions that functions in homeostasis, secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.

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16
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

A physiological control mechanism. A change triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.

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17
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A physiological control mechanism. A change triggers mechanisms that counteract the change.

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18
Q

What is the difference between a tropic hormone and a nontropic hormone?

A

A tropic hormone has another endocrine gland as a target.

A nontropic hormone has something other than an endocrine gland as it’s target.

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19
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose levels.

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20
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose levels.

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21
Q

What are the islets of langerhans

A

Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas that produce and secrete the hormones glucagon an insulin.

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22
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

An endocrine disorder marked by inability to maintain glucose homeostasis.

23
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus; consists of a posterior lobe and an anterior lobe.

24
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

A

It stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus (oxytocin and ADH).

25
Q

What is the function of the anterior pituitary?

A

It produces and secretes many hormones that regulate diverse body functions.

26
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus. It induces contractions of the uterine muscles during labor and causes the mammary glands to eject milk during nursing.

27
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone (AHD)?

A

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus. Also known as vasopressin, ADH promotes water retention in the kidneys.

28
Q

What is follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary. It stimulates the production of eggs by the ovaries and sperm by the testes.

29
Q

What is luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary. It stimulates the ovulation in females and androgen production in males.

30
Q

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary. It stimulates the production and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex.

31
Q

What is prolactin (PRL)?

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary. In mammals, it stimulates growth of milk production by the mammary glands.

32
Q

What is melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)?

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary. It regulates the activity of pigment-containing cells in the skin.

33
Q

What is growth hormone (GH)?

A

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary. It has both tropic and nontropic effects on a wide variety of tissues.

34
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

An endocrine gland, located o the ventral surface of the trachea, that secretes two iodine-containing hormones, triiodothyronine and thyroxine as well as calcitonin.

35
Q

What is triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

One of two two iodine-containing hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. It helps regulate metabolism, development, and maturation.

36
Q

What is thyroxine (T4)?

A

One of two two iodine-containing hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. It helps regulate metabolism, development, and maturation.

37
Q

What are parathyroid glands?

A

Any of four endocrine glands, embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, that secrete parathyroid hormone.

38
Q

What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands. It raises blood calcium level by promoting calcium release from bone and calcium retention by the kidneys.

39
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. It lowers blood calcium level by promoting calcium deposit from bone and calcium excretion by the kidneys. Nonessential to adult humans.

40
Q

What are the adrenal glands and what are their functions?

A

Endocrine glands located adjacent to the kidneys in mammals. Endocrine cells respond to ACTH by secreting steroid hormones to help maintain homeostasis during long term stress. Neurosecretory cells in the central portion secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to nervous inputs triggered by short term stress.

41
Q

What is norepinephrine?

A

A catecholamine that is very similar to epinephrine. Also known as noradrenaline.

42
Q

What are corticosteroids?

A

Any steroid hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex.

43
Q

What are glucocorticoids?

A

A steroid hormone that is secreted by the adrenal cortex that influences glucose metabolism and immune function.

44
Q

What are mineralocorticoids?

A

A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates salt and water homeostasis.

45
Q

What are androgens?

A

Any steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.

46
Q

What is testosterone?

A

A steroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals.

47
Q

What are estrogens?

A

Any steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.

48
Q

What is estradiol?

A

A steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics; the major estrogen in mammals.

49
Q

What are progestins?

A

A steroid hormone with progesterone-like activity.

50
Q

What is progesterone?

A

A steroid hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy; the major progestin in mammals.

51
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

A small gland on the dorsal surface of the vertebrate forebrain that secretes the hormone melatonin.

52
Q

What is melatonin?

A

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that regulates body function related to season day length.

53
Q

What is a steroid hormone?

A

A steroid that acts as a hormone.

Biology 30 (10 decks)

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