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Reproduction > Reproduction: Test 1 : Parker Q2-6 > Flashcards

Reproduction: Test 1 : Parker Q2-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Q2:

GnRH precursor cells migrate from where to where?

A

migrate from the OLFACTORY PLACODE in the CNS into the HYPOTHALAMUS

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2
Q

Q2:

Define Kallman Syndrome

A

(idiopathic Hypogonadism + Anosmia)

– Kallman syndrome occurs when the migration of gnRH from the olfactory placode in the CNS into the hypothalamus fails.

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3
Q

Q2:

GnRH neurons exhibit what two things?

A

Spontaneous and Autorhythmicity

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4
Q

Q2:

During the 3rd week, Intermediate mesoderm gives rise to what?

A

urogenital ridge (home of future ovaries and testes)

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5
Q

Q2:

During the 4th-6th week, germ cells are migrating from where to where?

A

Yolk sack endoderm to urogenital ridges

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6
Q

Q2:

What is another term for the mesonephric ducts and what does this duct give rise to?

A

Wolffian ducts

Give rise to male ducts and seminal vesicles

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7
Q

Q2:

What is another term for the paramesonephric duct and what does it give rise to?

A

Mullerian ducts

Oviducts, uterus, part of vagina

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8
Q

Q2:

What does the mesonephros give rise to?

A

renal functions for male and female

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9
Q

Q2:

What is AMH?

A

antimullerian hormone

- induces the regression of the development of mullerian structures so the male develops

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10
Q

Q2:

What kind of cells secrete AMH and where?

A

Sertoli cells of the testes

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11
Q

Q2:

What happens if there are no AMH present?

A

Then the wolffian structures will repress and FEMALE develops

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12
Q

Q2:
In week 9,
What cells of the testes secrete testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

A

Leydig cells

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13
Q

Q2:

What’s the role of testosterone in this process?

A

development of of Wolffian ducts

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14
Q

Q2:

What’s the role of dihydrotestosterone?

A

growth and development of penis, prostate and scrotum

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15
Q

Q2:

What’s a female hormone?

A

Estradiol

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16
Q

Q2:

What’s a male hormone?

A

Testosterone

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17
Q

Q3:

Define the term pseudohermaphrodite
Genetic Sex?
Gonadal type?
Phenotypic Sex?

A

It’s when the genotype and phenotype do not match up. Incongruity of genotype and phenotype.

  • XY
  • Testes
  • Inadequate virilization resulting with feminization
18
Q

Q3:

What defects result to pseudohermaphrodite?

A
  • Defects in testosterone
  • Defects in 5 alpha reductase –> decrease in DHT production
  • Defects in androgen receptors
  • AMH defect
  • maternal drugs
19
Q

Q3:

When would one realize that they are a pseudohermaphrodite?

A
  • may only be discovered at puberty (amenorrhea) – missing your period for three cycles in a row.
20
Q

Q3: What are the concerns with their health (pseudohermaphrodite)?

A
  • psychosocial

- emotional and physiological implications for individuals beginning at birth.

21
Q

Q3: In pseudohermaphrodites, when should the gonads be removed and why?
- TESTES?

A
  • by age 18. high dose risk of malignany.
  • If taken out too early, limited breast linear growth, loss of gametes, decreased libido and natural loss of estrogen.
  • TESTES : So since XY has testes, but it still has mullerian structures…. if testes get removed to early, limit and decrease in necessary hormones for body to function effectively.
22
Q

Q4:

What major hormones are involved during the menstrual cycle?

A
  • FSH, GNRH, LH, and progesterone
23
Q

Q4:

What are the various parts of the menstrual cycle:
1st half of cycle? (Events and Phases)
2nd half of cycle? (Events and Phases)

A
  • Ovarian events: Follicular (ovarian) – Ovulation – Luteal Phases
  • Endometrial events (uterine part): Proliferative –Secretory phases
24
Q

Q4:

Ovarian Cycle: Describe the Follicular phase (12-14 days):

A
  • GnRH is released from the hypothalamus
  • Stimulates pituitary FSH production and release and initiates the growth/development of follicles (4-10)
  • Induction of LH receptors on Ovarian Granulosa Cells
  • Dominant follicle is recruited for ovulation while other follicles degenerate
  • Estradiol and Inhibin levels INCREASE ( (-) Negative feedback to pituitary)
  • LH INCREASES, then surges to result in ovulation
25
Q

Q4:

Ovarian Cycle: Describe the Ovulation phase (<24 hrs)

A

LH surge — Ovum released from dominant follicle

- Basal body temp increases in response to increase progesterone

26
Q

Q4:

Ovarian Cycle: Describe the luteal phase (12-14 days) –FIXED

A
  • Follicle reorganizes to become a corpus luteum
  • High levels PROGESTERONE influence endometrial growth
  • if conception does not occur –> CORPUS LUTEUM INVOLUTES
  • Follicular apoptosis (Programmed cell death)
  • Progesterone secretion drops; Estradiol levels drop
  • Hypothalamus and pituitary escape influence of negative feedback –> FSH rises and cycle begins again.
27
Q

Q4:

What happens in between the ovarian to endometrial cycle

A
  • Increase follicular development
  • increase estradiol (proliferative corresponds to follicular phase)
  • menstruation triggered when estrogen and progesterone levels decrease (secretory corresponds to luteal phase)
28
Q

Q5:

What is considered normal in terms of the menstrual cycle timing, amount of bleeding?

A
  • Day 1 if first day bleeding, Cycle is 24-38 days; flow 2-7 days
  • blood loss: 20-80ml(avg 30cc)
  • Follicular phase is 12-14 days (variable), ovulation is <24hrs
  • Luteal phase is 12-14 days (fixed)
29
Q

Q5:

What is considered abnormal in terms of the menstrual cycle timing, amount of bleeding?

A

Abnormal:
>80cc/period = Heavy menstrual bleeding

– normal until: pregnancy occurs, hormonal manipulation/imbalance interferes with cycle, uterine lining unable to grow and shed, ovarian function ceases (menopause/surgery)

30
Q

Q5:

What stops menstrual flow?

A

PGF2alpha
PGE2alpha
Tromboxane A2

31
Q

Q6:

Puberty: What turns it on?

A

Begins with DISINHIBITION of Pulsatile GnRH secretion from hypothalamus.
(CNS suppression of GnRH is lifted –> Pulsatile release of GnRH)

32
Q

Q6:

Puberty: What are the central triggers?

A

Central control mechanism:
inhibitory: GABA, NPY
Excitatory: Glutamate, Neurokinin B, Kisspeptins (Kiss-1 mutations do not undergo puberty)
- May have role in therapy for precocious/delayed puberty and infertility.

33
Q

Q6:

Puberty: What are the peripheral trigger?

A

Peripheral signals: Leptin, Insulin, Ghrelin, Galanin-Like peptide, Free fatty acids

34
Q

Q6:

Puberty: What is considered premature or delayed?
FEMALE

A

FEMALE:

  • Average onset of female puberty is 10 with completion by age 16, growth over 4 years.
  • Premature: Before 8.
  • Delayed: No breast development prior to age 13, no pubic hair by age 14, no menarche by age 16 (if pubes/breasts have developed)
    • No menarche by age 14 (with absence of any secondary sexual characteristics, more than 5 years between thelarche and menarche
35
Q

Q6:

Puberty: What is considered premature or delayed?
MALE

A

MALE:

  • Average onse for male puberty is 12 with completion by age 18, growth over 6 years.
  • Premature: if before 9
  • Delayed if: no testicular enlargement by age 14, no pubic hair by age 15, more than 5 years between initial and complete growth of genitals
36
Q

Q6:

Puberty: What situations prevent or speed up puberty?

A

Speed up: overweight; closer to the equator; exposure to chemicals that mimic estrogens (PCBs, PBA, Hormones in cattle)
Later: Underweight –poor nutrition; high altitude; chronic disease; parasitic infections
- also Nature vs Nurture: controlled by: genetics, environment, hormones. and overall health; some familial concordance/racial and ethnic differences exist.

37
Q

Q6:

Puberty: List pubertal stages and order of occurrence?

A
  • Adrenarche (hair and body odor between age 6-10). Activation of Adrenal Cortex, Production of adrenal androgens, occurs prior to puberty, stimulates pubarche.
  • Gonadarche (reactivation of pulstile GnRH secretion from hypothalamus). Facilitates in growth spurt, thelarche, Menarche/Spermache
  • Pubarche: (Appearance of pubic hair)
  • Thelarche: (Appearance of breast tissue) (earliest secondary sexual characteristics in most girls under influence of estradiol & estrone)
  • Menarche (females only). Onset of first menstrual period.
  • Spermarche (males). Age of 1st ejaculation (Nocturnal)
    A–>G–>P–>T–>M–>S
38
Q

Q6:

Puberty: How are the evaluations for precocious and delayed puberty similar? How are they different?
PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY

A

Precocious puberty:

  1. 2nd sexual development before age 8 in girls, age 9 in boys
  2. Clinical staging by tanner criteria.
  3. 3 types: GnRH dependent (central), GnRH independent (peripheral), isolated.
  4. Require bone age to determine.
39
Q

Q6:

Puberty: How are the evaluations for precocious and delayed puberty similar? How are they different?
DELAYED PUBERTY

A

DELAYED PUBERTY

  1. Absence/incomplete 2nd sexual development when 95% should have developed (no menarche by age 14 w/o 2nd sexual, no menarche by age 16 pubes breasts developed).
  2. Clinical staging by tanner criteria.
  3. Etiologies: hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads, thyroid gland, chromosomal.
  4. Require bone age/karyotype to determine (either hyper/hypogonadotropic hypogonadism).
  5. Turners (poor skeletal, pubarche), Kallmann’s (lack sense of smell), Prader Willi/angelman (obesity, hypogonadism).
40
Q

Q6:

Additional notes on puberty:

A

• Puberty (physical growth and sexual maturation, variable age), adolescence (puberty to adulthood)
• Estrone (E1) = after menopause (ovaries, adipose, breasts).
• Estradiol (E2) = before menopause (T to E2 in brain, breast, muscle).
• Estriol (E3) = placental production.
o Potency to E2 > E1 > E3

Reproduction (14 decks)

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