Fischer Reproduction Test 3: Part 1 Flashcards
Q1:
Germ/Stem cells differentiate into what?
Spermatozoa
Q1:
Genital/Gonadal ridges differentiate into what?
Gonads
Q1:
Epithelium/Underlying mesenchyme of genital ridge differentiate into what?
Tunica albuginea, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells
Q1:
What is the major risk factor of intraductal papillomas related to breast cancer?
- This is the major component that determines if it can be malignant.
- If there are multiple intraductal papillomas present =carcinomas. Solitary ones are benign.
Q1:
Distal Mesonephric Duct differentiate into what?
Vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory duct
Q1: (Three questions of Fibrocystic disease of the breast)
What is the feature that determines of malignancy/carcinoma?
Atypical epithelial hyperplasia
Q1:
In malignancy/carcinoma of the breast, what does the epithelial hyperplasia become?
becomes multilayered with atypical nuclear change
Q1: Generalities of disease
What are two dominant features of fibrocystic disease of the breast?
Fibrous and cystic disease change
Q1:
In fibrocystic disease of the breast, what is the name of the cyst?
Blue domed cyst
Q1:
Who is more likely to get fibrocystic disease of the breast?
Woman of reproductive age.
i. e. Not before puberty or after menopause.
- 10-15% of women show symptoms
Q1:
What are some symptoms present with fibrocystic disease of the breast?
Heaviness, pain, nodularity, and sensitivity of the breast during menses.
- Palpable lumps in breast substance.
Q2:
What’s the major sign in a woman who has intraductal papilloma?
- What is an intraductal papilloma
Serous or bloody nipple discharge
- It is a neoplastic papillary growth within a duct.
Q2:
What one major component determines whether an intraductal papilloma is malignant (will turn into breast cancer)?
There is only a risk of breast cancer (papillary carcinoma) if there are multiple intraductal papillomas (i.e. solitary ones are benign)
Q2:
What is fibroadenoma
Is it benign or malignant?
Capsulated or encapsulate?
Freely movable or nonmobile?
Benign tumors of the breast
Encapsulated spherical nodules
Freely movable (and easily removed)
Q2:
In fibroadenoma, it is most commonly seen around what age?
Reproductive age
not seen before puberty or after menopause
Q2:
In fibroadenoma, where would it be located/seen?
- What are the two components?
- benign or malignant?
UPPER OUTER quadrant of the breast
– seen in the same area of breast as what you’d see in breast cancer.
Components: fibrous stroma + glandular epithelium
-Benign tumors
Q4:
What is acute mastitis?
What is the cause?
In what situation will we see it?
inflammation of the breast (most common)
Caused by Purulent bacteria (staph or strep)….cracked skin.
- Diffuse swelling, nodules or abscess, infiltrated by PMNs
See it: Breast feeding/lactation
Q5:
What is the etiology behind fat necrosis of the breast?
What is fat necrosis?
Trauma
- Hemorrhage + central fat necrosis –> nodule of gray-white firm tissue
Q6:
Define gynecomastia
male breast enlargement associated with hormonal changes in puberty (excess E)
Q6:
What causes the enlargement in gynecomastia?
enlargement = proliferation of excretory duct/C.T. or high E from cirrhosis or tumors
Q6:
In gynecomastia, do male have both ducts and lobules?
No. Male have ducts and NO lobules
Females have both
Q6:
In gynecomastia, what can be found under the areolar area?
Fibrous cap of tissue.
Q6:
In Gynecomastia, is it less or more likely to be carcinoma than females?
-Does it infect more or less rapidly in male?
- LESS likely to be carcinoma than females
- Ductal in origin, but infects MORE rapidly.
Q7:
Risk factors of breast cancer (adenocarcinoma)
Who is at a higher risk of getting breast cancer? Male or Female?
What %
Female. 100 times more likely
Q7:
Higher risk of getting breast cancer at what age (adenocarcinoma)?
Most common in what race?
Genetics?
Hormonal?
Rises AFTER 35 yr-old, peak in POSTMENOPAUSAL woman who are around 60 yr-old.
- Caucasians (Jews)
- Increased risk if one’s mother/siblings had/has it.
- Prolonged E exposure, nulliparous (no kids) women are more likely than those who have multiple children.
Q7:
The presence of what other cancers increases the risk of having adenocarcinoma?
Increased with ovarian or endometrial cancer since ovary and endometrium both have E receptors like the breast
Q7:
Histologically, what other changes can increase the risk of having adenocarcinoma?
- Premalignant ribrocystic changes (atypical epithelial hyperplasia) + multiple intraductal papillomastosis.
Q7:
What other causes can increase the risk of having adenocarcinoma?
- Obesity, high fat diets, moderate alcohol consumption
Q11:
What are the two major types of cancer pathologically that is related to the histology of the breast.
- What three organs/sites can you find estrogen receptors?
- Ductal (non-or invasive) ==> unilateral, hard tumor
Non-invasive Intraductal Carcinoma: • 20-30% of carcinomas and defined as a malig-nant population of cells that lack the capacity to invade through the basement membrane and therefore no distant spread.
Invasive Ductal carcinoma: More than 2/3 of invasive carcinomas. Reached the basement membrane.
- Lobular (non- or invasive, terminal ducts) ==> multi-focal, bilateral, soft/deep tumors.
- Breast, Ovaries and Endometrium
Q12
What are the treatment regimes of breast cancer related to surgery. Which one has the axillary lymph node dissection?
a. Surgical resection of the primary tumor and any metastases
b. Several surgical procedures are currently in use:
- Lumpectomy is the most conservative surgical procedure, as it is limited to resection of the tumor with surrounding fat tissue.
- Mastectomy refers to removal of the entire breast, which is associated with axillary lymph node resection.
