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Human Physiology 101 > Reproduction Key Concepts > Flashcards

Reproduction Key Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the male gonads?

A

testes = sperm

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2
Q

What are the female gonads?

A

ovaries = egg

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3
Q

What is meiosis the production of?

A

haploid (sex) cells

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4
Q

How many chromosomes do haploid cells have?

A

23 chromosomes

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5
Q

How many chromosomes are there when fertilisation occurs? (sperm and egg joining)

A

46

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6
Q

what do the testes produce?

A

spermatozoa (sperm)

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7
Q

what are the testes made of?

A

lobules (coiled seminiferous tubules) that produce sperm

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8
Q

Where does the mediastinum of the testes empty into?

A

epididymus

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9
Q

What do the interstitial cells (leydig) produce?

A

hormones

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10
Q

Epididymus

A

spermatozoa maturation

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11
Q

ductus deferens

A

spermatozoa storage

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12
Q

urethra (male)

A

ejection of sperm/ semen

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13
Q

glands (seminal, prostate, bulbourethral)

A

semen production

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14
Q

external genitalia (male)

A

scrotum (temperature control for sperm production) and penis

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15
Q

lobules

A
  • seminiferous tubules (tightly coiled)
  • sperm production takes place here
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16
Q

empty into mediastinum

A
  • interconnected passageways called rete testis
  • empty into the efferent ductules that connect to the epididymus
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17
Q

interstitial cells (leydig)

A
  • present in space around seminiferous tubules
  • produce male sex hormones (androgens)
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18
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

in the seminiferous tubules with support from the nurse cells

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19
Q

Sermatogenesis

A

sperm production and maturation

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20
Q

What begins in the outer most layer of seminiferous tubules and each step moves towards the lumen?

A

spermatogenesis

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21
Q

mitosis of spermatogenesis

A

of the stem cell (spermatogonium)

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22
Q

meiosis of spermatogenesis

A

creation of spermatids (haploid cells)

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23
Q

spermiogenesis

A

maturation from spermatid to sperm (with acrosome and flagella)

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24
Q

movement of sperm

A

seminiferous tubule > epididymus > ductus deferens > ejaculatory duct > urethra > external body

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25
Q

semen production

A

seminal, prostate and bulbourethral glands form semen with sperm from ejaculatory duct

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26
Q

What type of stimulation do nurse cells support the production of sperm under?

A

FSH stimulation

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27
Q

What does LH stimulate? (male reproductive system)

A

stimulates androgens (testosterone) production from the interstitial cells of leydig

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28
Q

What is important for male sex characteristic’s, male sex organ development and sperm maturation?

A

Testosterone

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29
Q

What ultimately controls the production and maturation of sperm?

A

GnRH, LH, FSH, Inhibin and Testosterone

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30
Q

key female reproductive organs

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia and mammary glands

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31
Q

ovaries

A

produce the haploid gametes via meiosis = oocyte and hormones

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32
Q

fallopian tubes

A
  • deliver oocyte to uterus
  • usually the site of fertilisation
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33
Q

uterus

A

protection, development of embryo/ foetus/ menstruation

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34
Q

vaginal canal/ vagina

A

sexual intercourse/ removal of menstrual fluids/ birth canal

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35
Q

external genitalia (female)

A

openings, lubrication, sexual arousal

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36
Q

mammary glands

A

milk production

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37
Q

ovary histology

A

the ovaries are where oogenesis occurs to produce an oocyte ready for fertilisation

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38
Q

uterus histology

A

muscular organ that will house the fertilised oocyte, protect the developing embryo and help it grow

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39
Q

3 layers that make up the uterus

A

perimetrium, myometrium + endometrium

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40
Q

perimetrium

A

outer serosal wall of the uterus

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41
Q

myometrium

A

muscular layer of the uterus

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42
Q

endometrium

A

inner most epithelial layer that grows and provides the attachment location for the oocyte

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43
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

is the cycle of formation of the oocyte and hormone production associated with this process

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44
Q

How many steps are there in the ovarian cycle?

A

7

45
Q

Step 1 of the ovarian cycle

A

during foetal development

46
Q

Step 2-4 of the ovarian cycle

A

(days 1-13) - follicular phase of each cycle ovarian cycle

47
Q

Step 5 of the ovarian cycle

A

(day 14) ovulation, marks change to next phase of ovarian cycle

48
Q

Step 6+7 of the ovarian cycle

A

(days 15-28) luteal phase of each ovarian cycle

49
Q

When does meiosis I occur?

A

from 3-7 months of foetal development

50
Q

When does meiosis I halt?

A

in prophase until puberty

51
Q

What in puberty stimulates some primary oocytes each month to finalise meiosis I and form a secondary oocyte?

A

Hormones

52
Q

Meiosis II

A

the secondary oocyte halts in metaphase until oocyte released and fertilisation with a spermatozoa occurs, and it becomes a mature ovum

53
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

is the process of readying the uterus for receiving the fertilised oocyte (ovum)

54
Q

proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle (days)

A

day 8-14 replacement of the functional zone

55
Q

ovulation at day 14

A

marks change to new phase of the menstrual cycle

56
Q

secretory phase of menstrual cycle (days)

A

day 15-28 - secretion/ thickening of functional zone

57
Q

menses of menstrual cycle (days)

A

day 0-7 - will take place if there is no fertilisation of the oocyte with a spermatozoa

58
Q

Key hormones in female reproduction

A

GnRH, LH, FSH, Estrogen, Progesterone + Inhibin

59
Q

GnRH in female reproduction

A

triggers release of LH and FSH

60
Q

LH + FSH in female reproduction

A

trigger production of estrogen, progesterone and androgens. also control aspects of ovarian cycle

61
Q

estrogen and progesterone in female reproduction

A

sex hormones (many effects), roles in ovulation and the menstrual (uterine) cycle to prepare uterus for ovulation/ implantation

62
Q

Inhibin in female reproduction

A

decreases the release of Lh and FSH (negative feedback) and therefore the main sex hormones

63
Q

ovarian cycle step 1

A

GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion

64
Q

ovarian cycle step 2

A

FSH and Lh stimulate follicles to grow, mature and secrete sex hormones

65
Q

Ovarian cycle step 3

A

negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release (inhibin + estrogen levels)

66
Q

ovarian cycle step 4

A

sudden rise of estrogen results in short positive feedback to stimulate surge of LH and FSH and trigger ovulation

67
Q

ovarian cycle step 5

A

progesterone levels will rise and take over from estrogen and corpus luteum is maintained

68
Q

ovarian cycle step 6

A

if no pregnancy occurs then corpus luteum degrades, all hormone levels drop and process starts again

69
Q

Three phases of the menstrual cycle

A

menses, proliferative and secretory

70
Q

menses phase of the menstrual cycle

A

uterus shed all but the deepest part of the endometrium (hormones are low at this stage)

71
Q

proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle

A

functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilt under influence of estrogens. ovulation occurs at the end of this phase

72
Q

secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

A

14 day phase where the endometrium prepares for an embryo to implant under rising levels of progesterone from the corpus luteum. if fertilisation does not occur then corpus luteum degenerates and hormone levels drop which deprives the endometrium of hormonal support, oxygen and nutrients and the functional endometrial layer will start to slough off (menses)

73
Q

pregnancy

A
  • Events that occur from fertilization until the infant is born.
74
Q

conceptus

A
  • The developing offspring.
75
Q

Gestation period

A
  • Period from the last menstrual period until birth
76
Q

pre-embryo

A
  • Conceptus from fertilization until it is two weeks old.
77
Q

embryo

A
  • Conceptus during the third through the eighth week
78
Q

foetus

A
  • Conceptus from the ninth week through birth.
79
Q

How many trimesters is pregnancy divided into?

A

3 trimesters of approximately 12-14 weeks each

80
Q

sperm penetration

A

1 sperm normally enters and binds to zona pellucida and then fuses with the oocyte, and this process prevention of others from binding and entering

81
Q

what joins with a spermatozoa to form a zygote?

A

oocyte

82
Q

What happens when a zygote is formed initially?

A

it becomes a diploid cell and begins to divide

83
Q

what activates the formation of the blastomere?

A

fertilisation

84
Q

What day approx. is the blastocyst formed?

A

day 5-6 and consists of ~100 cells

85
Q

Where does the blastocyst implant into and continue to develop?

A

the uterine wall

86
Q

What happens during gastrulation?

A
  • forms 3 germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm)
  • these create the organs (organogenesis) and the extraembryonic membranes including yolk sac, amnion and chorion
87
Q

What happens during placentation?

A
  • formation of the placenta from trophoblasts, mesoderm and maternal tissues
  • develops whilst embryo is developing
  • placenta will allow for communication and nutrient/ oxygen movement from mother to baby
88
Q

what forms the 3 embryonic layers that give rise to the embryo/ organ system?

A

gastrulation

89
Q

embryogenesis and organogenesis

A
  • formation of head and tail from 4 weeks
  • organogenesis form different layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm)
  • formation of organ systems
  • established in the 1st trimester, then continue to develop and grow in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters until foetus is ready for delivery
90
Q

hCG in pregnancy

A

maintains endometrium

91
Q

Oestrogens and progesterones in pregnancy

A

produced bybthe corpus luteum and then the placenta. maintain pregnancy and endometrium. stimulate labour and delivery

92
Q

hPL and Placental Prolactin in pregnancy

A

preparation of mammary glands

93
Q

Relaxin in pregnancy

A

increases pelvic flexibility (while baby grows) and cervical dilation (delays oxytocin until uterine contractions should begin)

94
Q

metabolic changes due to pregnancy

A
  • glucose sparing effect from hormones
  • 10-30% increase in nutritional requirements
95
Q

cardiovascular changes due to pregnancy

A

increased blood volume, increased cardiac output and decreased blood pressure

96
Q

renal changes due to pregnancy

A
  • dilation/ enlargement of the kidneys/ ureters
  • increased urine production
97
Q

respiratory changes due to pregnancy

A

increased ventilation, increased oxygen and decreased carbon dioxide

98
Q

gastrointestinal changes due to pregnancy

A
  • morning sickness from increased hormones
  • decreased motility and gastric emptying –> relaxin
99
Q

mammary gland changes due to pregnancy

A

growth and development of lactation

100
Q

uterine changes due to pregnancy

A

increased size to accommodate growing foetus

101
Q

contractions of the uterus and dilation of the cervix in response to:

A
  • estrogen increases triggering oxytocin release and prostaglandin production stimulates the myometrium to contract
  • relaxin dilates the cervix
102
Q

What are labour’s 3 stages?

A

dilation, expulsion and placental

103
Q

dilation phase of labour

A

onset of labour, cervix dilates and water breaks

104
Q

expulsion stage of labour

A

foetus pushed through fully dilated cervix (10cm) out through vaginal canal

105
Q

placental stage of labour

A

tearing of the placenta from the endometrium and ejection out of the uterus

106
Q

lactation

A

breast milk for new born nourishment / protection

107
Q

what hormone controls milk production?

A

prolactin

108
Q

changes after birth

A
  • 3 vascular shunts shut off after lungs inflate and pattern of blood flow and pressure is changed suddenly
  • creates the normal circulatory system of the human body

Human Physiology 101 (24 decks)

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