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Human Physiology 101 > Renal System Practice Cards > Flashcards

Renal System Practice Cards Flashcards

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1
Q

How many stages are there of chronic kidney disease?

A

5

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2
Q

What organs make up the urinary system?

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

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3
Q

what removes metabolic wastes?

A

the kidneys

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4
Q

What type of function is the regulation of red blood cell production?

A

renal function

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5
Q

What is the basic functional unit of a kidney?

A

A nephron

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6
Q

what is the glomerulus part of?

A

the renal corpuscle

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7
Q

What are peritubular capillaries branches of?

A

the efferent arteriole

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8
Q

What nephrons are there?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

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9
Q

how many nephrons are there approx. per kidney?

A

1 million

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10
Q

What is the site of blood filtration?

A

the renal corpuscle

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11
Q

is filtration at the renal corpuscle active or passive?

A

passive

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12
Q

Should you ever see proteins in healthy urine?

A

No

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13
Q

Where does filtrate enter?

A

the proximal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

Does reabsorption occur at the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What are the limbs of the nephron loop called?

A

the ascending and descending limb

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16
Q

What limb pumps sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid?

A

the thick descending limb

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17
Q

What limb creates a high solute concentration in the peritubular fluid?

A

the thick ascending limb

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18
Q

What tubule has selective reabsorption under hormonal control?

A

The distal convoluted tubule

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19
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular complex made up of?

A

macula densa + juxtaglomerular cells

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20
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular complex secrete?

A

renin + EPO

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21
Q

What is the role of the collecting duct?

A

delivery of urine and variable reabsorption of water

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22
Q

what are the basic processes of urine formation?

A

filtration, reabsorption and secretion

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23
Q

Should glucose be found in a healthy person’s urine?

A

No

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24
Q

What involves a passage across a filtration membrane?

A

glomerular filtration

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25
Q

What are the forces determining filtration pressure?

A

GHP, CsHP and BCOP

26
Q

GHP

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

27
Q

CsHP

A

capsular hydrostatic pressure

28
Q

BCOP

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure

29
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute (GFR) (avg. 125mL/min)

30
Q

What are the controllers of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ?

A

regulation/ autoregulation/ hormonal

31
Q

What is the myogenic mechanism?

A
  • an increase in renal blood flow or blood pressure eg running. = vasoconstriction
  • a decrease in blood flow > decreased glomerular pressure eg lying down –> dilation of afferent/ constriction of efferent
32
Q

Autoregulation of GFR is…

A

immediate local regulation

33
Q

Extrinsic regulation of GFR…

A

mainly responds to stressful situations

34
Q

Autonomic regulation of GFR…

A

increased sympathetic activity -> vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles

35
Q

Hormonal regulation of GFR…

A

renin-angiotensin system + naturetic peptides

36
Q

What cells secrete renin?

A

granular cells

37
Q

Where is aldosterone produced?

A

in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands

38
Q

Where and when are natriuretic peptides released?

A

In the heart and in response to a large increase in blood pressure

39
Q

Do natriuretic peptides increase urine production?

A

Yes (dilate afferent and constrict efferent)

40
Q

What percentage of sodium and water is resorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

65%

41
Q

What does secondary linked reabsorption mean?

A

means that sodium travels via active transport and glucose joins onto it and travels passively

42
Q

What is the renal threshold?

A

the concentration of a substance dissolved in the blood above which the kidneys begin to excrete it into the urine

43
Q

What does water reabsorption at the proximal convoluted tubule occur via?

A

osmosis

44
Q

At the nephron loop what percentage of sodium is reabsorbed?

A

25%

45
Q

At the nephron loop what percentage of water is reabsorbed?

A

15%

46
Q

Why is the reabsorption percentage for sodium and water different at the nephron loop?

A

different values as one is ascending and the other is the descending loop

47
Q

What is tee only limb that water reabsorption occurs in?

A

The thin descending limb

48
Q

What removes water leaving the loop of henle?

A

blood in the vasa recta

49
Q

What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

9%

50
Q

What percentage of water is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

19%

51
Q

Where is anti-diruretic hormone made?

A

the hypthalamus

52
Q

What triggers osmoreceptors?

A

an increase in ECF concentration

53
Q

What is rapidly adjusted by ADH?

A

ECF concentration

54
Q

What is ECF volume slowly adjusted by?

A

aldosterone

55
Q

what pH does acidosis occur at?

A

<7.35

56
Q

What pH does alkalosis occur at?

A

> 7.45

57
Q

Where is bicarbonate freely filtered?

A

the glomerulus

58
Q

What do the kidneys do when the plasma pH is low? (H+ high)

A

the kidneys secrete alot of H+

59
Q

What do the kidney do when the plasma pH is high? (H+ low)

A

the kidneys secrete less H+

60
Q

What type of acid-base disorders are there?

A

respiratory or metabolic

61
Q

What acid base disorders involve production of organic or fixed acids?

A

metabolic acid base disorders

62
Q

What is an example of respiratory acidosis?

A

emphysema

Human Physiology 101 (25 decks)

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