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Biology Flash Cards > Reproduction in Humans > Flashcards

Reproduction in Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 methods of Reproduction

A

Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

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2
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

This is when male and female gametes fuse together to form non-identical offspring that inherit traits from their parents.

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3
Q

What is Asexual reproduction

A

This does not involve any gametes or both parents. A part of an organism’s body divides by mitosis to form a separate structure that later breaks off. As a result, the offspring is genetically identical to the parents.

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4
Q

What are the advantages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  1. Increases variation, which means that some individuals can adapt to a changing environment and can pass on genes to offspring.
  2. A disease is less likely to affect the entire population
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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  1. Takes a lot more time and energy than asexual reproduction to form offspring.
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6
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  1. Reproduction happens faster and more efficiently.

2. Population can increase rapidly if conditions are right.

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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A
  1. There is no variation in the offspring.

2. Disease is able to affect the entire population

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8
Q

What is the general process in which sexual reproduction occurs.

A
  1. Gamete Production
  2. Transfer of Gametes
  3. Fertilization
  4. Zygote forms and divides by Mitosis.
  5. Embryo
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9
Q

What is a gene

A

This is a section of DNA that is stored in chromosomes that are in the nucleus of a cell.

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10
Q

What are cells in a diploid state

A

These are cells that have a full number of chromosomes.

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11
Q

What are cells in a haploid state

A

These are cells that have half the number of chromosomes.

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12
Q

What are the 2 ways of cell division

A
  • Meiosis

- Mitosis

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13
Q

What type of cell division forms gametes

A

Meiosis

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14
Q

What is the advantage of Internal fertilization

A

It reduces the effect of external factors on the fertilization process.

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15
Q

How does the process of the sperm entering the egg work

A
  1. The sperm will swim towards the egg and reach its membrane.
  2. The head of the sperm will release the acrozyn enzyme from the acrosome that digests the cell membrane of the egg cell to allow the sperm to penetrate into the egg cell.
  3. The sperm then goes inside and a second membrane forms around the egg, preventing any other sperm from entering the egg cell.
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16
Q

What are the main things that fertilization accomplishes

A
  1. It restores the diploid number of chromosomes back into the zygote.
  2. It provides genetic variation because the gametes have been produced by Meiosis.
17
Q

What is the cell division process that is performed to make gametes?

A

Meiosis

18
Q

What is the name of the process in which an egg is released from the ovary into the oviduct

A

Ovulation

19
Q

Another name for the oviduct

A

Fallopian Tube

20
Q

What are the functions of the Placenta

A
  1. Provides the Growing embryo with nutrients from the mother’s blood.
  2. Gets rid of the wastes that are produced by the embryo. Ex: Carbon Dioxide and Urea.
  3. Anchors the embryo into the uterus.
  4. Produces a hormone called, “Progesterone” that maintains the uterus lining to prevent it from breaking down after the embryo has been implanted.
21
Q

What is the function of Amniotic Fluid

A

It protects the baby from sudden bumps.

22
Q

What is a Fetus

A

An Embryo that starts to look like a Human

23
Q

What is the order of the Birth Process

A
  1. Dilation of the Cervix: Here, the cervix dilates to allow the fetus to pass through. The Uterus strongly contracts its muscles and breaks the Amnion, which makes the amniotic fluid to go out of the body.
  2. Delivery of the baby: Strong contractions of the uterus muscles push the baby through the cervix and through the vagina and into the outside world.
  3. Delivery of the Afterbirth: After the baby is given birth, the membranes that surrounded the baby and the placenta are also released into the outside world.
24
Q

Why are the testes outside of the body

A

Because sperm production is more efficient at 34 degrees celsius.

It is a little cooler outside than the inside of the body.

25
Q

What is the hormone that develops male secondary sexual characteristics

A

Testosterone

26
Q

What is the hormone that develops female secondary sexual characteristics.

A

Oestrogen

27
Q

Hormones Responsible for Puberty

A
  1. Testosterone
  2. Oestrogen
  3. FSH
  4. LH
28
Q

What are the changes that happen in males during puberty

A
  • Sperm production starts
  • Growth and development of male sex organs.
  • Increase in body mass and muscles
  • Growth of facial, chest, and pubic hair
  • Voice Breaks
  • Sexual Drive
29
Q

What are the changes that happen in females during puberty

A
  • Menstrual cycle begins and the egg cell is released by the ovaries and into the oviduct.
  • Development of female sex organs.
  • Growth of armpit and pubic hair
  • Increase in body mass and hips widen.
  • Breasts Develop
  • Voice Deepens.
30
Q

What is the procedure of the menstrual cycle with the hormones present and their functions

A
  1. FSH production starts and this starts the follicle cell development and induces the secretion of oestrogen.
  2. Oestrogen reduces the FSH production and repairs the Uterus lining. It also stimulates the pituitary gland to start the release of LH.
  3. LH is responsible for ovulation ( release of egg cell ).
  4. Progesterone will be produced, which stops FSH and LH production and also maintains the lining of the uterus.
31
Q

Where are each hormone involved in the menstrual cycle made

A
  • FSH: Pituitary Gland
  • Oestrogen: Ovaries
  • LH: Pituitary Gland
  • Progesterone: Corpus Letuem & Placenta
32
Q

Where does fertilization occur

A

In the Oviduct

33
Q

What is the structure that secretes Progesterone after the Corpus Leteum has gone

A

The Placenta

Biology Flash Cards (14 decks)

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