Life Processes Flashcards
Multi-cellular Vs Single Cell
Multi-cellular organisms are made out of millions of specialized cells.
Single cell organisms are made of of a single cell.
Eight life processes in living organisms
- Movement
- Respiration
- Sensitivity (Respond to Stimuli)
- Homeostasis (Control internal body conditions)
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Excretion
- Nutrition
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What are “higher” organisms
These are organisms with a more complex cell structure
What are organelles
These are the structures inside of a cell.
Effects of a cell not having a nucleaus
They are either dead or do not live for a long time.
Functions of each type of organelle in animal cell
Nucleus: Controls the activities of the cell using genes.
Cell Membrane: Forms a barrier between cell cytoplasm and the outside letting substances in and out.
Mitochondria: carries out respiration and releases energy that the cell can use.
What is the cell wall in a plant cell made out of
Cellulose
Functions of each organelle in a plant cell
Cell Wall: This organelle helps the plant cell keep a fixed shape.
Vacuole: These are large permanent structures in a plant cell that are used to store a liquid substance called, cell sap, containing dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other solutes.
Chloroplasts: These are structures that contain chlorophyll and absorb light energy from the sun to use in the process of photosynthesis.
What is an Enzyme
This is a biological catalyst that is used to speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process.
Why are enzymes required
Because the normal temperature of an organism is too low to allow reactions to take place at a reasonable speed. This makes the reactions in the body happen very slowly. However, enzymes can be used to speed up reactions
What are metabolic reactions
These are the chemical reactions happening inside a cell.
The sum of all the metabolic reactions is know as, “metabolism”
What are the 2 types of enzymes
Extracellular: These enzymes carry out their job outside of cells. Ex: digestive enzymes.
Intracellular: These enzymes carry out their job inside a cell.
Factors that affect Enzyme activity
- Temperature
2. PH
Characteristics of Enzymes
- Biological Catalysts.
- Speedup Reactions
- They remain unchanged in the process.
- They are specific to a particular substrate.
- Affected by changes in temperature and PH.
- They are proteins
Optimum temperature for enzyme activity in humans
37 °c
What are buffer solutions
These are prepared for maintaining a PH level because they resist changes in PH.
What is respiration
This is the process in which living organisms release energy from its food content.
What are the uses of ATP
- For movement by contraction of muscles.
- Cell Division
- Active transport of substances.
- Building large molecules of proteins.
Where do aerobic reactions take place
In the Mitochondria of the cells.
Why is ATP called, “The energy currency of the cell”
Because it transfers the energy between the processes that require the energy.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic respiration
Advantages:
+ It can be used to release energy when there is no or less oxygen present.
Disadvantages:
- It only generates a small amount of energy.
- Only works for a short period.
What is the oxygen debt
This is the volume of oxygen required to oxidize the lactate produced during aerobic respiration.
How does ATP provide energy for cells
- ATP consists of an Adenosine molecule attached to 3 phosphate groups.
- When energy needs to be given, the ATP molecule breaks down into an Adenosine molecule attached to 2 phosphate groups and a separated phosphate group.
How is ATP formed
When respiration occurs and the glucose gets oxidized, a phosphate group is attached onto an ADP molecule to form ATP.
What color does Hydrogen Carbonate Indicator turn into when Carbon Dioxide is added
Yellow
What is the normal color of hydrogen carbonate indicator
Orange
What is the use of a control setup
It makes the experiment valid
What is the meaning of selectively permeable
The cell surface membrane of cells can control which substances move in and out of the cells.
What are the methods in which ions and other substances pass through the cell surface membrane
- Active Transport
- Osmosis
- Diffusion.
What is diffusion
This is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Factors affecting the rate of diffusion
- Concentration Gradient
- Temperature
- Surface Area to Volume Ratio
- Diffusion Distance.
What is Osmosis
This is the net movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane. Ex : Cell surface membrane.
What is active transport
This is when molecules move against the concentration gradient (from a low concentration to a high concentration)
This process requires energy because substances will not naturally move against the concentration gradient. This energy is taken as ATP that is generated using respiration.
Active Transport uses carrier proteins that are embedded into the cell surface membrane of the cell and are used to capture substance and take them through the cell membrane.
How does the surface area to volume ratio affect the diffusion rate
As the surface area to volume ratio increases, the diffusion rate increases.
The surface area to volume ratio is higher in smaller organisms than larger ones.
How does the distance affect the diffusion rate
As the distance increases, the particles will have to travel further. This means that the diffusion rate decreases as the distance increases. Ex: alveoli has a thickness of one cell, so the diffusion distance is reduced, increasing the diffusion rate.
How does temperature affect the diffusion rate
As the temperature increases, the particles gain more kinetic energy. This means that more collision will occur with the cell membrane. This increases the rate of diffusion because more particles will go through.
How does the concentration gradient affect the diffusion rate
When the concentration increases, there are a greater number of particles. This means that there are more random collision that occur against the membrane. This increases the rate of diffusion.
What is cell differentiation
This is when the cell gains new structures that make the cell more suited for its particular function.
What are Stem Cells
These are the cells that have the ability to be divided multiple times by mitosis and later differentiate and turn into specialized cells, like: Muscle Cells, Brain cells, etc.
What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate themselves into any type of cell.
However, Adult stem cells cannot differentiate into any type of cell, but can differentiate into a number of specialized tissues.
What is stem cell therapy
This is used to treat a disease or to repair damaged tissue using stem cells.
What are the differences between anaerobic and aerobic Respiration
- Aerobic respiration uses Oxygen to produce energy, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen to produce energy.
- Aerobic respiration can produce 38 molecules of ATP, while anaerobic respiration can only produce 2 molecules of ATP.
- Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid, while aerobic respiration does not.
What is the meaning of adaptation
This is when a structure of a cell or an organism gets suited for its function
Uses of a cell wall in plants
- To protect the plant cell because plant cells can absorb water and cause an increase in pressure inside the cell. With the presence of a cell wall it provides a rigid barrier for the high pressure to act against, minimizing the damage that can be caused to the cell.
- The cell wall also provides the plant cell with a fixed shape.
